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The Historic 1912 Eruption of Novarupta: Largest Volcanic Event of the 20th Century

The 1912 eruption of Novarupta, part of the Katmai National Park in Alaska, holds the title as the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. Spanning over 15 years of volcanic activity, the eruption created the renowned "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes," characterized by thick layers of ash and pyroclastic flow deposits. The eruption caused significant geological impacts including tephra fall, flooding due to landslide dam failures, and dramatic changes to local rivers. Novarupta remains an essential study for understanding volcanic activity and its effects on the landscape.

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The Historic 1912 Eruption of Novarupta: Largest Volcanic Event of the 20th Century

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  1. Katmai N.P. Alaska Peninsula

  2. Alaska Range Volcanic Arc Aleutian Islands

  3. Alaska Range Forearc Basin

  4. Alaska Range Accretionary Wedge

  5. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century

  6. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century

  7. Katmai Caldera 1915 Burj-Dubai 2,684 ft

  8. Katmai Caldera, 1990 1.5 km

  9. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century • From Novarupta vent 10 km away!

  10. 10 km

  11. Inferred size of magma chamber 10 km

  12. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century • From Novarupta vent 10 km away! • Tephra fall caused flooding • Stream aggradation

  13. Soluka Creek Katmai River

  14. Ash-laden and aggrading Katmai River, 1915

  15. I’m glad I put on clean underwear today.

  16. Ash-laden and aggrading Soluka Creek, 1915

  17. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century • From Novarupta vent 10 km away! • Tephra fall caused flooding • Stream aggradation • Failure of landslide-created dams

  18. Trees beheaded by flood due to landslide dam failure

  19. Trees beheaded by flood due to landslide dam failure AGGRADED SEDIMENT

  20. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century • From Novarupta vent 10 km away! • Tephra fall caused flooding • Stream aggradation • Failure of landslide-created dams • Pyroclastic flows create “Valley of 10,000 Smokes” • 30 – 200m thick

  21. 99% of ash 1% of ash

  22. 30 m thick 200 m thick?

  23. Pyroclastic flow

  24. Katmai chakra adjustment

  25. Pumice lapilli colored by hydrothermal alteration

  26. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century • From Novarupta vent 10 km away! • Tephra fall caused flooding • Stream aggradation • Failure of landslide-created dams • Pyroclastic flows create “Valley of 10,000 Smokes” • 30 – 250m thick • “Smoke” = groundwater steam

  27. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century • From Novarupta vent 10 km away! • Tephra fall caused flooding • Stream aggradation • Failure of landslide-created dams • Pyroclastic flows create “Valley of 10,000 Smokes” • 30 – 250m thick • “Smoke” = groundwater steam • Active for 15 years • Katmai Caldera = ½ scale Crater Lake • Novarupta Dome is the most silicic dome on earth

  28. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century • From Novarupta vent 10 km away! • Tephra fall caused flooding • Stream aggradation • Failure of landslide-created dams • Pyroclastic flows create “Valley of 10,000 Smokes” • 30 – 250m thick • “Smoke” = groundwater steam • Active for 15 years • Katmai Caldera

  29. Katmai Caldera Today

  30. Cinder cone

  31. Submerged cinder cone

  32. Trident volcano Novarupta

  33. KATMAI / NOVARUPTA • 1912 eruption was largest of the entire 20th century • From Novarupta vent 10 km away! • Tephra fall caused flooding • Stream aggradation • Failure of landslide-created dams • Pyroclastic flows create “Valley of 10,000 Smokes” • 30 – 250m thick • “Smoke” = groundwater steam • Active for 15 years • Katmai Caldera = scaled down Crater Lake • Novarupta Dome is the most silicic dome on earth

  34. Novarupta Dome in 1915

  35. Falling Mountain Novarupta Dome Broken Mountain

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