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Processor Design 5Z032

Processor Design 5Z032. Computer Systems Overview Chapter 1 Henk Corporaal Eindhoven University of Technology 2011. Topics. Computer revolution What is a computer system? Processor Memory Chips and semiconductor Communication Programming a computer (basics). Computer revolution.

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Processor Design 5Z032

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  1. Processor Design5Z032 Computer Systems Overview Chapter 1 Henk Corporaal Eindhoven University of Technology 2011 TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  2. Topics • Computer revolution • What is a computer system? • Processor • Memory • Chips and semiconductor • Communication • Programming a computer (basics) TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  3. Computer revolution • Computers everywhere • PCs, portables, and workstations O(100M)/year • Embedded systems O(1000M)/year • Playstations O(50M/year) • World Wide Web • Huge calculations • Human genome project • Large simulations • Information retrieval • Huge databases • Online libraries • Web pages • Computer performance growth TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  4. What is a computer system? Display harddisk network connection printer keyboard actuators sensors TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  5. What is a computer system? Components: • input (mouse, keyboard) • output (display, printer) • memory • internal: DRAM, SRAM • external: hard disk drives, CD, floppy drive • network • see figs 1.4 - 1.12 TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  6. Structure of a computer system? Instruction memory Data memory Processor I/O interfaces Input and output devices TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  7. Focus • Our primary focus: the processor (CPU = central processing unit) • datapath and • control • Implemented using millions of transistors • Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor • We need… abstractions …. at many levels TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  8. Abstraction • Abstraction: • Give a complex item/object/structure a name • hide detail • The name represents this item/object/structure and can be used inside other items/objects/structures • This gives a hierarchical description • Examples: • Binary abstraction • Circuit abstraction • Machine instruction abstraction • Program abstraction • Data abstraction TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  9. Abstraction layers High level language Software Intermediate language level Compiler Operating system level Architecture / assembly Instruction set architecture (ISA) Register transfer level (RTL) Implementation / digital design Gate level Realization VLSI level TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  10. Processor • General purpose processors (GPPs) (1995) • 80x86 50 Million • MIPS 5.5 Million • PowerPC 3.3 Million • Sparc 700 K • HP PA-RISC 300 K • DEC Alpha 200 K • Performance: see fig 1.20 (pg 30) • grows with about 50% per year • doubling each 1.6 years • hundred fold increase last 10 years TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  11. Processor • How does a processor operate ? • Performance growth, how? • Realization improvements • VLSI developments • Implementation improvements • Pipelining • Better circuits • Architecture improvements • Exploit parallelism • Prediction TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  12. Memory • Size • units: bit, byte, kbit, kbyte, Mbit, Mbyte, Gbit, Gbyte, Tbit, Tbyte,... • growth rate: see fig 1.14 • DRAM growth rule: 4 times each 3 years • Types: • Volatile: SRAM, DRAM • Non-volatile: • Internal: ROM (and its many variants) • External: hard disk, floppy, CDROM, magnetic tape • Performance metrics: • Latency: access time in seconds (or nano seconds) • Throughput: bytes/second • Price / Performance or Price / Mbyte TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  13. Chips and semiconductor • VLSI improvements • Density • Processor O(100 Million) transistors/chip • Memory O(4 Billion) transistors/chip (DRAM) • Decreasing feature size: now 0.13 m, next 0.09 m • Speed of a transistor ~ 1/gate-length • However: future problems • wiring delays • quantum effects (like charge tunneling) • Note: chip area not much increasing • maximal about 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm • yield !! TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  14. Wafer area Dies per wafer = Die area 1 Yield = (1+(Defects per area x Die area/2))2 Cost of an integrated circuit Cost per wafer Cost per die = Dies per wafer * Yield Result: Cost of die = f (Die area ?) TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  15. Communication • Computers can act stand alone, or in a network • Why network connected computers? • Communication • information exchange • Resource sharing • printers, modems, scanners, large storage capacities • Interconnection is standardized through protocol agreements • IP, TCP, Ethernet, Modem, Bluetooth standards, etc. TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  16. Programming a computer s w a p ( i n t v [ ] , i n t k ) H i g h - l e v e l { i n t t e m p ; l a n g u a g e t e m p = v [ k ] ; p r o g r a m v [ k ] = v [ k + 1 ] ; ( i n C ) v [ k + 1 ] = t e m p ; } Assembler C compiler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s w a p : 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 A s s e m b l y m u l i $ 2 , $ 5 , 4 l a n g u a g e 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a d d $ 2 , $ 4 , $ 2 p r o g r a m l w $ 1 5 , 0 ( $ 2 ) 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ( f o r M I P S ) l w $ 1 6 , 4 ( $ 2 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 s w $ 1 6 , 0 ( $ 2 ) s w $ 1 5 , 4 ( $ 2 ) B i n a r y m a c h i n e j r $ 3 1 l a n g u a g e p r o g r a m ( f o r M I P S ) TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  17. Instruction Set Architecture: ISA • A very important abstraction • interface between hardware and low-level software • standardizes instructions, machine language bit patterns, etc. • advantage: different implementations of the same architecture • disadvantage: sometimes prevents using new innovationsTrue or False: Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important? • Modern instruction set architectures: • 80x86/Pentium/K7 (IA-32), PowerPC, DEC Alpha, MIPS, SUN SPARC, HP-PA, IA-64, and what about JVM? TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  18. Where we are headed • Performance issues (Chapter 2) • vocabulary and motivation • A specific instruction set architecture (Chapter 3) • Arithmetic and how to build an ALU (Chapter 4) • Constructing a processor to execute our instructions (Chapter 5) • Pipelining to improve performance (Chapter 6) • Memory: caches and virtual memory (Chapter 7) • I/O (Chapter 8) • Preliminaries: • Logic design (appendix B)Key to a good grade: reading the book, try exercises! TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

  19. Exercises • Try the following from chapter one: • 1.1 - 1.44 about definitions and terminology • 1.46, 1.47 • 1.48 (read ‘in depth’ section pg. 48 first), 1.50 TU/e Processor Design 5Z032

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