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Commas

Commas play a crucial role in clarifying the meaning of sentences, but their usage can be tricky. In this guide, we highlight the importance of commas and provide three essential rules. Rule #1: Always use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that joins independent clauses. Rule #2: Use a comma after introductory phrases or clauses to enhance readability. Rule #3: Include commas in a series to separate items clearly. By mastering these rules, you can improve your writing and avoid common mistakes.

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Commas

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  1. Commas Please note that grammar checkers are notoriously inaccurate in recognizing comma errors—because some comma rules are NOT absolute.

  2. Why do commas matter? • If you cook Elmer will do the dishes. • While we were eating a rattlesnake approached our campsite. Do you see the problem?

  3. Obligatory Rule #1 • Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses (unless the clauses are VERY short).

  4. Examples • Nearly everyone has heard of love at first sight, but I fell in love at first dance. • The plane took off and we were on our way. (Why is there no comma in the sentence above?)

  5. Beware comma splices! • A good money manager controls expenses and invests surplus dollars to meet future needs. The words following“and” are NOT an independent clause.

  6. Obligatory Rule #2 • Use a comma after an introductory word group. • A word group is usually a clause or phrase functioning as an adverb.

  7. Examples • When Irwin was ready to iron, his cat tripped on the cord. • Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon, the park rangers discovered an abandoned mine. • Thinking his motorcade drive through Dallas was routine, President Kennedy smiled and waved at the crowds.

  8. Exception • The comma may be omitted after a short adverb clause or phrase if there is no danger of misreading. • Here is an example: In no time we were at 2,800 feet.

  9. Obligatory Rule #3 • Use a comma between all items in a series.

  10. Examples • Bubbles of air, leaves, ferns, bits of wood, and insects are often found trapped in amber. • The red comma above is not obligatory, but it helps with clarity.

  11. More Examples • The activities include a search for lost treasure, dubious financial dealings, much discussion of ancient heresies, and midnight orgies. • My uncle willed me all of his property, houses and warehouses.

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