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F38 – UAS Standards Gap Analysis

F38 – UAS Standards Gap Analysis. Gap Analysis Lead Author: F38 Member Laurence Newcome. Supplement - Gap Analysis in Detail. Recalling Subcommittee Structure: F38.01 Airworthiness Standards F38.02 Operations Standards F38.03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications The Gap Analysis Will

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F38 – UAS Standards Gap Analysis

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  1. F38 – UAS Standards Gap Analysis Gap Analysis Lead Author:F38 Member Laurence Newcome

  2. Supplement- Gap Analysis in Detail • Recalling Subcommittee Structure: • F38.01 Airworthiness Standards • F38.02 Operations Standards • F38.03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications • The Gap Analysis Will • provide guidance for standards bodies and user groups engaged in developing or adopting standards governing unmanned aircraft system design, manufacture, test, training, operation, and maintenance • preclude duplicating existing standards already applicable to unmanned aviation • identify gaps in standards coverage unique to needs of unmanned aviation • Roadmap Key: ASTM F38 standards in progress - in orange ASTM approved standards – in yellow Outstanding needs – in red

  3. UAS Operations Crew Qualifications Airframe Power Plant Ground Airframe Maintainers Crew Materials Structures Landing Gear Launch Devices Maintenance Environmental General Reciprocating Turbine Generators Launch Devices Fuels General Electric Taxi Takeoff Landings Materials Structures Landing Gear Launch Devices Maintenance Environmental General Reciprocating Turbine Generators Launch Devices Fuels General Electric Pilot Non-Pilot Schools Human Factors - Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope - GSE - Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope - Certificates - Ratings Airworthiness ASTM Level 2 Airframe Power Plant Avionics ASTM WK5423 Certificates and Ratings Issued for UAV Pilots and Operators Materials Structures Landing Gear Launch Devices Maintenance Environmental General Reciprocating Turbine Generators Launch Devices Fuels General Electric Comm/NAV Data Links General Safety /SA Level 3 - Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope - De-Anti-Icing - Transponders - See & Avoid Level 4 ASTM F2111-04 Standard Specification for Design & Performance UAS Airborne Sense and Avoid System Level 5 The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: WBS Example Format

  4. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Airworthiness Airworthiness Level 2 Airframe Power Plant Avionics Materials Structures Landing Gear Launch Devices Maintenance Environmental General Reciprocating Turbine Generators Launch Devices Fuels General Electric Comm/NAV Data Links General Safety /SA Level 3 - Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope - De-Anti-Icing - Transponders - See & Avoid Level 4 ASTM F2111-04 Standard Specification for Design & Performance UAS Airborne Sense and Avoid System Level 5

  5. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – AIRFRAME (under Level 1 Airworthiness) • Materials…………………………..MIL HDBK 5 (metals), 17 (composites) • Structures…………………………MIL-HDBK 1530; MIL-STD 403A • Landing Gear…………………….JIS W2502; FAA TSO-C62d; MIL-T-504; SAE ARP1493A Wheels/Brakes/Skid Control ARP1595A, ARP1907A, ARP813B, SAE ARP1311B,Gears/Struts/ Couplings ARP1598AAIR1494A, AIR4566, SAE AIR5487, AS1188Tires • Launch Devices…………………. ASTM F2585 Standard Specification for the Design and Performance of a Pneumatic UAS Launch System • Recovery Devices………………. WK15881 Specification for Design and Performance of UAS Recovery Systems • Environmental……………………(see next chart) RTCA DO-160C, • External MIL HDBK 237 • Internal (Onboard) • General…………………………….14 CFR 21, 23, 25, 27, 29; ASTM F2501-06 Standard Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness

  6. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 3/4/5/6 - Environmental • General SAE ARP147E (terminology), ARP780B (symbols) • External • Altitude (TPH) MIL-STD 202, 810; RTCA DO-160; NEBS GR-63-CORE • De-icing/Anti-icing (see Avionics/Safety; SAE AC-9C work) • Rain, ice, lightning, etc. SAE AIR1168/4, ARP 5577; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-160 • Salt, fog, dust, etc. MIL-STD 820; ASTM B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus • Fungus ASTM D120 Specification for Rubber Insulating Gloves, D470 Method for Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable, D518 Method for Rubber Deterioration- Surface Cracking; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-160 • EMI, HERO, etc. MIL-STD 461D, 646; SAE ARP1972, ARP5583, ARP5889 • Solar weather JEDEC JESD-89 • Internal (Onboard) • Temperature SAE AIR64B, AIR89D, AIR1277B, AS8040A • Pressure SAE AIR1168/7 • Humidity SAE AIR1609A, ARP987A • Shock/Vibration/Accel MIL-STD 167, 202, 331 (catapult/arrested landing), 810 • Acoustic SAE AIR1826

  7. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Powerplants • Reciprocating Engines 14 CFR 33, 34, 36; SAE AS25109, AS1B, ASTM WK9561 Design and Manufacture of Compression Ignition Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System • Propellers 14 CFR 35; SAE ARP355, AS107, AIR1872 • Turbines 14 CFR 35, 34, 36; SAE ARP748A, AIR1872, ASTM WK9560 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Turbine Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System • Electric • Batteries IEC Std 952-1; MIL-B-8565; IEC 21/466/CD • Solar (Photovoltaic) IEC 61427:1999 • Radioisotope SAE AIR1213 • Generators/Starters SAE AS13 • Fuels ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines, D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels • Systems/Instruments SAE AIR1408, AS407, AS431, AR1326 • Tanks SAE AIR4069A, AS5502A, AMSS8802B • General (SAE E-25 works); MIL-STD-8879c

  8. The ASTM F38.01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Avionics • Comm/Nav RTCA DO-187, DO-208, DO-278 • Computers (SAE AS-2 works) • Safety/Sit. Aware MIL-STD 882 • Sense & Avoid ASTM F2411-04 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, RTCA DO-268 • Anti-icing/Deicing SAE AS5498, AIR 4367 • Transponders FAA TSO • Links Security-none; NATO STANAG 4586; RTCA DO-254; SAE ARP4791 • Software RTCA DO-178B • General (SAE AS-1 works); ARINC 429 (analog) and 629 (digital)

  9. UAS Operations General Flight Ground Terminology Symbology VFR IFR Payloads Taxi Takeoff Landings The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Operations

  10. The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - General • Terminology ASTM F2395-05 Terminology for Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems, AIAA R- 103-2004 • Symbology SAE ARP4155, ARP5289

  11. The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Flight • VFR 14 CFR 91, ASTM WK3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization, WK10504 Practice for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) VisualRange Flight Operations • IFR 14 CFR 91, 95, ASTM WK3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization • Payloads Universal Interface; IEEE-1394b; SAE AS5609 SAE AS8039 • Data Recorders SAE AS8039 • Returnable • Sensors SAE AIR4911, AS1212 (SWAP), AIR1277 (SWAP) • Relay/ Broadcast Eqmt SAE J1113/28, J551/4, ARP5583 (HIRF) • Deliverable 14 CFR 91 • Weapons Positive Control, Weapon Safing: SAE AIR5532 • Cargo SAE AS1325, AS5385, ARP1409, AS25959 • Aerial Refueling SAE ARP1665, AS1284 • Business Aviation Practices WK13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range Operators

  12. The ASTM F38.02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Ground • Taxi SAE ARP693, AIR1589, AIR4096 (FOD), ARP5898 • Takeoff SAE AIR852, AS8044, AIR4096. ARP4104 • Landing SAE ARP1070, AIR1739, ARP181, ARP4102, AIR4243, ARP69 • Airports UA Accommodation at Alternates-none; 14 CFR 139; SAE ARP5910, AIR1845, AIR5387, ARP4084, AIR1335 • AGE SAE AIR1247, AIR1375, AIR4286, AS4852, AS5488

  13. Crew Qualifications Crew Maintainers Special Pilots Operators Schools Human Factors A&P Mechanics Schools Human Factors General Commercial The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Qualifications

  14. The ASTM F38.03 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – Crew, Maintainer, Special Crew • Pilots 14 CFR Part 61, 67; F2635 Standard Classification for Unmanned Aircraft Pilot Certification • Non-Pilot Aircrew 14 CFR 63, 65, 67 • Schools 14 CFR 141, 142; SAE ARP5453 • Human Factors SAE ARP4033, ARP4107 (HF Glossary), (SAE G-10 works) Maintainer • A&P Mechanics JI8152 (in work) • Schools 14 CFR 147; JI8152 (in work) • Human Factors (SAE G-13 works) • General 14 CFR 43; F2584-06 Standard Practice for Maintenance and Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light UAS Special • Commercial Operators 14 CFR 119, 121, 133, 137

  15. The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: General • CASA UA25 Australian regulation for certification and operation of unmanned aircraft; MIL-HDBK 516; ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness

  16. The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: Findings – 5 Categories • Standards exists and explicitly written for UA • ASTM F2411 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, ASTM F2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F2505 Practice for Application of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Regulations Part 21 Requirements to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) • Standard exists and directly applicable to UA (“as is”) • ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines • Standard exists and applicable to UA (aviation qualified), but focused elsewhere • SAE AIR4911, video interface for entertainment vice reconnaissance systems “The purpose of this document is to establish the requirements for sensor/video interconnect subsystems. These requirements have been driven predominantly, but not exclusively, by aerospace-type military platforms and commercial aircraft. These requirements are intended to be used as the criteria to establish a sensor/video interconnection standard that will foster the development of common hardware to simplify the total interconnectivity of future avionics platforms.” • Standard exists on topic, but indirectly applicable to UA (“thread”) • IEC 61427:1999, photovoltaic (solar) cells • No suitable standard exists • UA (none) vice aircraft carrier (MIL-STD 331) catapults

  17. The ASTM F38 Standards Roadmap: Conclusions & Action • Many UAS relevant topics covered in existing standards. • Documentation gap for airworthiness now covered in F2501, incorporating over 300 standards. • F38 recognizes these existing standards, and focuses on addressing identified gaps now and in the future. • Subcommittees and lead writers assigned to address the identified ‘gaps’ in UAS standards. • Best Practices draft standards be structured along same lines as briefing and expanded/updated to identify such gaps in standards. • New F38 members sought with expertise directly applicable to these gaps.

  18. ASTM International Committee F38on Unmanned Aircraft Systems Daniel A. Schultz ASTM International Director, Committee Services +1 610-832-9716 dschultz@astm.org www.astm.org 100 Barr Harbor Drive W. Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 USA

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