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The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution from 1540 to 1670 marked a paradigm shift in human understanding of the natural world. Moving away from Aristotelian dogma and Galenic medical explanations, key figures like Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton challenged longstanding beliefs, advocating for observation, experimentation, and mathematics. This period saw the rise of new scientific methods and the decline of religious authority in explaining natural phenomena. The conflicts between science and the Catholic Church, particularly during Galileo's trial, shaped the discourse of the era, laying the groundwork for modern science.

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The Scientific Revolution

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  1. The Scientific Revolution 1540-1670

  2. Scientific Thought pre-1600 • Revolved around Aristotle • Astronomy • Physics and Motion • Referred to Galen for medical explanations • Relied on the Catholic Church

  3. Causes of the Scientific Revolution

  4. Read “Early Modern Europe: Motives for the Scientific Revolution” and answer questions • 1. What groups of society hoped to benefit from the Scientific Revolution? • 2. Why was there this sudden interest to know and understand?

  5. Figures of the Scientific Revolution

  6. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish clergyman • Studied Ptolemy • Suggested that the sun, rather than the earth is the center of the universe • Works published posthumously • Implications and Impact of his work

  7. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) • Danish nobleman • Received grants from the government to build conservatories • All planets revolve around the sun and that the group of sun and planets revolve around the earth’s system

  8. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Brahe’s assistant • Law 1: Orbits are elliptical rather than circular (1609) • Law 2: Planets do not move in uniform speed around the sun (1609) • Law 3: There is a force that pulls everything toward earth • Used mathematics to prove the relations of the system

  9. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) • Works with alchemy • Law of Universal Gravitation

  10. Galileo Documents • “Letter to Christina of Tuscany” • Author • Date: • What topics should be left to science? Religion? • Why are they views crucial to the Scientific Revolution? • “The Papal Inquisition of 1633” • Author: • Date: • Why were Galileo’s views threatening to the Catholic Church? • What are some long-range consequences of such a stance by the Church towards these views?

  11. Rene Descartes and Rembrandt as Scientific Revolution sources

  12. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • The Discourse on Method • 1. SOAPS analysis • S • O • A • P • S • 2. How do his methods on attaining knowledge differ from traditional ways? • 3. What are the weaknesses of his approach?

  13. Francis Bacon Documents • “Attack on Authority and Advocacy of Experimental Science” • Developed empirical reasoning/method • Leads to the development of the Scientific Method

  14. “The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp” ~ 1632 • Rembrandt van Rijn • Symbols and Meaning

  15. Backlash from the Catholic Church and Responses • Why the ideas were so feared • If the universe is expanding, where is the room for God? • No reliance on faith or miracles • Turned against traditional viewpoints and beliefs • Threat of losing members • Actions of the Catholic Church • House arrest of scientists (i.e. Galileo) • Refusal to teach new theories at universities • Scientific Response • Scripture is vague – need an explanation • Can use religion to explain those things in nature that cannot be explained • We can use the knowledge that God gave us to develop and grow

  16. Big Picture Questions • What were the main ways in which the science of the seventeenth century broke with the science of previous centuries? • What were some of the main problems facing seventeenth century scientists? How did they handle these problems? • What factors were present in seventeenth century society that made these new discoveries possible? • What were the effects of the Scientific Revolution?

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