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Too Late to Apologize!

This article examines the fundamental weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, highlighting the issues such as the unicameral Congress, inability to tax, and lack of executive and judicial branches. It explores significant events like Shays' Rebellion, economic challenges, international trade disputes, and state claims to western lands. The piece reflects on the Constitutional Convention as a response to these challenges, delving into the debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Additionally, it addresses the implications of compromises made and the resulting impact on governance in the early United States. ###

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Too Late to Apologize!

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  1. Too Late to Apologize! A Declaration

  2. The Articles of Confederation

  3. Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation • A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. • 13 out of 13 to amend. • Could not tax or raise armies. • No executive or judicial branches.

  4. State Claims to Western Lands

  5. Land Ordinance of 1785 • $1 per acre with 640 acre mininimum • Raised $760,000 revenue in 4 years

  6. The United States in 1787

  7. Northwest (Land) Ordinance of 1787 • Strategy for territories to become states. (60,000 pop. Minimum) • Guaranteed freedom of religion. • Guaranteed trial by jury. • Prohibited slavery in Northwest Territory • New states have equal status with 13 • Vermont-1791 • Kentucky-1792 • Tennessee-1796

  8. Economic Problems • 41.2 million in debt including 7.9 in international debt • Domestic debt reduced to 6 million, international debt increased to 10.2 • Negotiated commercial treaties with France, Sweden, Prussia, Morocco • Failed to solve tariff conflicts between states • Failed to solve paper currency abuses • States voted down tax requests

  9. International Problems • Jay-Gardoqui Treaty accepted Spain’s closure of lower Mississippi in exchange for commercial treaty favorable to New England • Unable to get England reopen West Indies trade or accept imports (rice, indigo, tobacco) • British flood U.S. with manufactured goods • Trade deficit=deflation=depression

  10. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

  11. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 • Former Continental soldiers not paid back pay • Land confiscated when they can’t pay taxes

  12. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington

  13. Annapolis Convention (1786) • 12 representatives from 5 states • GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. • Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

  14. Constitutional Convention • What were the motives of our Founding Fathers? • To what extent was the Constitution a conservative reaction by “monied men” to their fear of the ordinary American citizen? • What was the historical impact of the Great Compromise & the 3/5ths Compromise?

  15. Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds

  16. Antifederalist Objections to Constitution • No Bill of Rights • Fear of abuse of centralized power & loss of state power, including executive branch • Concern over federal power to tax, regulate trade, & raise army • Fear of big states dominating small states • Slavery: Pro & anti groups • Lack of democracy in elections

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