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Chapter 33, Section 4 “The Cold War Divides the World”

Chapter 33, Section 4 “The Cold War Divides the World”. Fighting for the Third World A. Cold War Strategies 1. U.S., Soviet Union, & China all used techniques to gain influence in the Third World a. backed wars of revolution, liberation, or

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Chapter 33, Section 4 “The Cold War Divides the World”

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  1. Chapter 33, Section 4 “The Cold War Divides the World”

  2. Fighting for the Third World A. Cold War Strategies 1. U.S., Soviet Union, & China all used techniques to gain influence in the Third World a. backed wars of revolution, liberation, or counterrevolution b. CIA & KGB used secret activities (ex. spying) c. the U.S. gave military & financial aid

  3. B. Association of Nonaligned Nations 1. some nations wished to stay neutral in the Cold War 2. 1955 – Bandung Conference formed … a. nonaligned nations (independent countries) 3. India and Indonesia were able to maintain neutrality

  4. II. Confrontations in Latin America A. Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution 1. Fulgencio Batista a. unpopular dictator; had U.S. support 2. Fidel Castro a. led revolution to overthrow Batista, 1959 b. brought social reforms & improved economy c. harsh dictator 1. stopped elections, jailed/executed opponents, controlled press d. Nationalized Cuban economy & took over U.S. – owned sugar mills & refineries 1. President Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba a. Castro turned to Soviets for help Fidel Castro

  5. 3. The Bay of Pigs a. CIA trained anti-Castro Cuban exiles b. April 1961 – they invaded Cuba, landing at the Bay of Pigs c. U.S. did not provide air support d. embarrassment for the U.S.

  6. B. Nuclear Face-Off: the Cuban Missile Crisis 1. Nikita Khrushchev – leader of the Soviet Union a. built 42 missile sites in Cuba in July 1962 b. discovered by U.S. spy planes in Oct. 1962 c. seen as a threat, and President Kennedy demanded their removal, & blockaded Cuba d. Khrushchev removed missiles; U.S. promised not to invade Cuba 2. Cuba now dependent on Soviet Union a. Castro backed revolutions in Latin America & Africa in return for Soviet aid b. Soviet aid ended in 1991, hurt Cuba’s economy c. Castro loosened state control of economy & sought better relations with other nations President Kennedy meets with Khrushchev

  7. Confrontations in the Middle East A. Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran 1. Iran (Persia before 1935) a. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi 1. embraced Western gov’ts & wealthy Western oil companies b. Prime Minister Muhammad Mossadeq 1. leader of Iranian nationalists who disliked the shah 2. nationalized a British-owned oil co., & forced the shah to flee c. U.S. helped restore the shah to power Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

  8. B. The United States Supports Secular Rule 1. Iran’s capital, Tehran, featured skyscrapers, foreign banks, & modern factories 2. many Iranians still lived in poverty 3. the shah tried to weaken influence of Iran’s conservative Muslim leaders, known as ayatollahs 4. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini used tape-recorded messages to riot Iran’s major cities in 1979 a. returned to establish an Islamic state Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

  9. C. Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies 1. strict adherence to Islam 2. in 1979, with Khomeini’s permission, young Islamic revolutionaries seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran a. took +60 Americans hostage b. demanded the U.S. to force the shah to face trial c. Most hostages remained prisoners for 444 days; released in 1981 3. Khomeini encouraged Muslim radicals to overthrow their secular gov’ts a. heightened tensions between Iran & Iraq 1. Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq as a secular leader 2. Iran & Iraq fought from 1980 – 1988 3. U.S. supported both nations American hostages

  10. D. The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan 1. Soviet Union invaded in 1979, supporting Communist 2. U.S. supplied Afghan rebels with weapons b/c they considered the Soviet invasion a threat to oil supplies 3. President Carter warned Soviets not to gain control of the Persian Gulf a. he stopped U.S. grain shipments to Soviets b. ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics 4. Mikhail Gorbachev – new Soviet president a. withdrew Soviet troops by 1989 b. by then, the Soviet Union was falling apart President Jimmy Carter Mikhail Gorbachev

  11. Daily Essential Questions How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved? Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

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