How is America Changing?

1. How is America Changing? • Moving West • People moving to Northwest Territory • Center of population is moving away from the East Coast • New technology and transportation • Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) • Canals (Erie Canal) • Roads (National Road)

2. Why Move West • Economic reasons • Panic of 1837 • People wanted a fresh start in the west. • Lots of land • Farming and speculation • Easier to own land out west. • Transportation revolution • More job opportunities in the west.

3. How do they get there? • Conestoga Wagons • Santa Fe Trail • Missouri to New Mexico • Trade Route • Oregon Trail • Missouri to Portland, Oregon • Most walked the trail, pushed hand carts. • Traveled in caravans. • Disease killed many travelers.

4. Problems from Expansion. • Why is the balance of power between slave states and free states important to peace? • The first example of problems starts when Missouri is to become a slave state.

5. Missouri Compromise • Henry Clay makes the compromise. • Missouri became a slave state, Maine became a free state. • Settled differences between slave and free states. • Kept balance in the Senate • 36°30’ line for future expansion • North is free, south is slave.

6. Missouri Compromise

7. Nullification • Do you remember the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? • Tariff of Abominations • South against the tariff • John C. Calhoun • Believes states can nullify acts of Congress. • Nullify the tariff. • Do not follow the law. • Do states have this power?

8. The Gold Rush • 1849 – Gold is found in California • People rush to San Francisco to get rich. • Most find nothing. • Population soars in California.

9. Compromise of 1850 • Henry “the Great Compromiser” Clay’s last compromise. • California becomes a free state. • Southwestern territories could determine if they allowed slavery. • New fugitive slave law.

10. Compromise of 1850

11. Popular Sovereignty • Definition - The right of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery.

12. North vs. South North South Agricultural Very little industry Very few railroads and canals. Anti-tariff • Industrial • More population • Over 80% of the nation’s population • +90% of the nation’s technology is in the north. • Lots of railroads and canals. • Pro-tariff

13. Fight Over Slavery • Slave Revolt Leaders • Nat Turner • Gabriel Prosser • Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison • Frederick Douglass

14. Underground Railroad • Network to help slaves escape the South. • Harriet Tubman was a famous “conductor.”

15. What type of economy should American have? • Who has the right to determine if slavery is illegal?

16. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stow. • Story had a negative portrayal of slave owners. • Influenced northerners views on slavery.

17. Failed Compromises • Missouri Compromise • Compromise of 1850 • Each end up failing. • Cannot fix the problem of slavery. • The public takes a stand in Kansas.

18. Kansas – Nebraska Act • Repealed the Missouri Compromise line from 1820. • Allowed settlers to vote whether or not to allow slavery. • Popular Sovereignty • Caused fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers.

20. Bleeding Kansas • Popular Sovereignty • Kansas becomes the battleground over slavery. • Pro and Anti Slavery settlers clash in Kansas. • John Brown -  Pottawatomie Massacre • Blood has been shed over slavery. • Civil War starts in five years.

21. Dred Scott Case • Slave that sued for his freedom. • He lived in a free territory for ten years. • Claimed this made him free. • Lost his case. • Supreme Court determined slaves could not be citizens because they were property. • The government cannot take away someone’s property (5th Amendment).

22. Political Parties • First two parties • Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans • In the 1820s…. • Democratic-Republicans becomes the Democratic Party. • The Whig Party forms.

23. Political Parties Continued • Democratic Party • Supported by farmers. • Rural parts of the country. • Andrew Jackson • Splits between the north and south over slavery in the 1850s. • Whigs • Supported by businesses, merchants. • New England and growing industrial parts of the north. • Henry Clay, Daniel Webster • American System • Build roads and canals, have tariffs, and a National Bank.

24. New Political Parties Form • Whig Party falls apart in the 1850s. • Know - Nothing Party • Anti-immigration, Anti-Catholic • Nativism – favored native born Americans • Free - Soil Party • Against expansion of slavery, pro-labor • Republican Party • Opposed expansion of slavery into the territories. • Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act.

25. Political Party Posters • Each student needs to make one political poster for one of the following political parties. • Free Soil Party • Know-Nothing Party • Republican Party • Democratic Party (Northern or Southern) • Each poster needs to have the name of the party, the date of its founding, two drawings that relate to the party’s views, and a mission statement (why the party exists).

26. Bleeding Kansas Continued • We left off with violent fighting over slavery. • Lecompton Constitution passed by pro-slavery leaders in Kansas. Kansas will have slavery. • But most citizens were anti-slavery and voted against the Constitution. • Accepted by President Buchanan. • Causes anger in the north.

27. Lincoln – Douglas Debates • Illinois Senate Campaign in 1858. • Lincoln gains national recognition. • They debate slavery in the territories. • Douglas wins the election.

28. Lincoln’s Views • "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided.” - Lincoln, June 1858 • Lincoln was an abolitionist and was against the spread of slavery. • Douglas supported popular sovereignty.

29. John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry (1859) • John Brown and 21 men attack the federal arsenal. • Capture 60 people and seize weapons. • Hopes slaves will join him and he can build an army. • Harpers Ferry is raided by the U.S. Marines and Brown is captured, tried, and put to death.

30. Election of 1860 • Four candidates. • Major issues were states-rights and slavery. • Democratic party splits in two (North and South). • Allows Lincoln to win without the support of a single southern state. • Angers southern states.

31. Election Results - Lincoln Wins with 180 Electoral votes

32. Southern Secession • South Carolina secedes first. • Belief in states-rights and a fear of the U.S. government lead to secession. • The Confederacy is formed on February 4, 1861. • Jefferson Davis is elected as the president. Jefferson Davis