牛津初中英语 8B

1. 牛津初中英语8B Unit 1 Past and present

2. 一、教学内容分析 中心话题：变迁——本单元讨论的是时代变迁带来的变化和发展，涉及香港交通系统的变化，九龙城的建筑规划、大屿岛的变化和赤蜡角的新机场。

3. 二、语言功能和重点 1. 掌握一些反义词并运用于语境中 2. 用现在完成时讨论过去发生的但仍与现在 有关联的事件 3. 熟练掌握现在完成时的时间状语 4. 讨论因时间变迁而产生的变化

4. 三、本单元各部分材料分析 1. Welcome to this unit 内容：⑴ Eddie和Hobo的对话. ⑵ 香港不同时代的交通工具. 作用：热身，为后面作好铺垫，激发学生的学习兴趣。 本课可以看做是一个单元的读前热身活动。在备课时应先阅读整个单元，了解本单元的话题、功能和语法项目以及中心任务，同时，了解学生在这些方面的已有知识。在此基础上，教师才能在这一课时有效激活学生的已有知识，充分调动学生对本单元的学习兴趣，为后面几个课时的学习做好铺垫。

5. 2. Reading 内容：Lily 采访Mr Dong关于九龙城的变迁。 作用：单元的核心，训练学生阅读理解能力 阅读是一个单元语言输入比较集中的环节，一般用两个课时完成。阅读教学主要围绕阅读材料本身的内容展开活动，要求学生说出文章的大意，将细节内容归类等。阅读后的活动旨在让学生通过提问、讨论和语言难点的学习等形式进一步加深对文章的理解。阅读课还应该配合听、说、写的活动，培养学生综合运用英语的能力。

6. 3. Vocabulary 内容：形容词的反义词 作用：在情境中学习反义词，强化对阅读部分的理解 词汇部分围绕本单元话题介绍一些新词，方便学生在后面的学习活动中使用，同时，按词义将同一类别的单词集中学习，有利于提高学生单词学习的效率，快速扩大词汇量。教师在教学中可根据实际情况对该部分的词汇进行补充，并帮助学生掌握一些单词记忆的方法。

7. 4、Grammar 内容：学习现在完成时及其时间副词和时间短语 作用：在情境中学习现在完成时 （1）谈论有关香港的一部电影 （2）谈论不同时期的交通工具 在教授语法项目时，第一，语言结构尽量用图表的形式表达，使语法结构一目了然。第二，坚持在尽量真实的语境中呈现和练习语法项目。第三，从分步呈现、分步练习到综合运用，层次清晰，循序渐进。第四，学生通过观察和实践自己总结语言规律，符合语言学习的一般规律。教学中应将语言的意义、情景和实际运用放在首位。

8. 5. Integrated Skills 内容：Daniel和Simon做一项有关香港大屿岛变迁 的历史课题 作用：针对性地训练学生的听说能力。 Integrated skills 在前面语言学习和技能训练的基础上，将听、说、读、写融为一体，培养学生综合运用英语的能力。教学中应注意培养学生从所给的听力或书面材料中获取、选择和重新组合信息的能力，在此基础上培养学生的口头、笔头表达能力。

9. 6. Study Skills 内容：查字典 作用：培养学生通过查字典了解词义，提高阅读技能。 Study skills 通过活动或练习让学生获得一些基本的学习技巧，教学中应该坚持让学生通过实践以获得学习技巧 。

10. 7. Main Task 内容：Daniel和Simon写了一份报告，介绍大屿岛 的前后变化。 作用：培养学生的写作能力。 Main task是每个单元的核心部分。这部分要引导和帮助学生综合运用本单元所掌握的知识和技能，完成特定的任务。Main task在第一课时就已经点明，此后的各项活动和子任务都在不同程度上指向Main task。布置任务要求目标明确、步骤清晰。

11. 8. Checkout 作用：复习本单元出现的一些主要语法和重要的 语言现象。 Checkout体现了本单元在语言知识上最基本的要求,比较容易，学生可以轻松完成，充分体验成功。教学中，教师应带领学生对本单元所学习的内容进行充分的复习，使学生能顺利通过Checkout。当然，对于学习程度较高的学生，教师可以根据具体情况制定自己的检测标准。

12. 四、课时安排 课本的课时安排符合先功能后技能, 在具体语言环境中掌握应用所学语言的规律。但在Comic strips中就出现了现在完成时，为了降低学习的难度，可以利用后面Grammar课时的语言材料及内容提前进行语法教学，对课时原有顺序稍作调整。

13. 本单元课时安排 Period 1 Grammar A Period 2 Comic strips & Welcome to the unit Period 3-4 Reading Period 5 Vocabulary & Checkout Period 6 Grammar B Period 7 Integrated Skills Period 8 Speak up & Study skills Period 9 Main task

14. 五、教学步骤 Period 1 Grammar A 本课时基本任务 • 认识和了解现在完成时的构成和用法。 2.了解现在分词的构成。

15. I. Lead-in The teacher can have a free talk with students. For example: T: When did you come to this school? S1: I came to this school in 2003. T: Oh, I know you came here one and a half years ago. You have been in this school for about two years. And you have been in this school since 2003.（板书） T: When did you begin to learn English? S2: I began to learn English three years ago. T: You mean you have learned English for more than three years. Am I right? S3: Yes, you’re right. I have learned English for over three years. T: Have you learned it since 2001? S4: Yes. The teacher can ask some more questions like this.

16. II. Pre-task T: Do you remember Eddie? S1: Yes. T: Millie is Eddie’s master. Eddie was born four years ago. Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. How many years has he lived with Eddie? S2: For four years. T: Yeah, Eddie has lived with Millie for four years.（板书）

17. III. While-task Task 1 Let the students know that the sentences on the board all include the present perfect tense. Tell the students: We use the simple past tense to talk about what happened at a definite time in the past, like ‘Eddie was born four years ago’. We use the present perfect tense to talk about things that started in the past and still have some connection with the present, like ‘Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born’. ‘Eddie has lived with Millie for four years.’

18. Task 2 We make positive and negative sentences using the present perfect tense like this. We form the present perfect tense by adding ‘have’ or ‘has’ before a past participle. e.g. have/has + seen/ done/ sung/, etc.

19. Task 3 Tell the student how to write the past participle of verbs. 1) We add ‘-ed’ to regular verbs. （板书）

20. We form the irregular verbs differently. We do not add ‘-ed’. Ask the students to look at the table of irregular verbs on Page 112. Ask the students to remember the past participle of irregular verbs. 动词原形 动词过去式 动词过去分词 • A B B bring brought brought • A B C do did done • A A A let let let • A B A come came come • A A B beat beat beaten

21. Task 4 (A1) Here is a short exercise for students to finish. Ask the students to complete the table with the correct past participle on page 10. And then work out the rule. Task 5 (A2) After the short exercise, ask the students to complete the sentences using the present perfect. Help them to complete. Ask them not to forget the verb ‘have’/ ‘has’. Present the Present perfect tense briefly. Subject + have/has+ past participle

22. Task 6 Teach the students how to ask and answer questions using the present perfect tense. e.g. Have you arrived? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Has she left? Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.（板书） The teacher asks the students some more questions . Task 7 Chat time (A3) Millie and Sandy are talking about a film about Hong Kong. Complete their conversation using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. 1)Give them several minutes to complete it. 2)Check the answers with the whole class. 3)Ask some pairs to act out the conversation.

23. IV.Post-task Ask the students to make sentences with the present perfect tense. Students ask each other “Have you ever…?” When a student has found a person who has done the following things, they write a complete sentence, e.g. “Li Hua has traveled to Beijing.” Find someone who… 1. has traveled to Beijing 2. has kept a rabbit as a pet 3. has been to beaches 4. has watched Harry Porter 5. has listened to Jay Chou 6. has written a poem

24. Period 2 Comic strips & Welcome to the unit 本课时基本任务: 1. 介绍本单元的主题：现在与过去 2. 学习不同时期有关交通工具的单词

25. I. Lead-in Teacher says, ‘Hello, everybody! Did you have a good time last Sunday? Where did you go? What did you do? What did you eat? What food is your favourite?’ II. Pre-task Teacher says, My favourite food is chocolate. Today I took a piece of chocolate here. Oh, where is my chocolate? It was in my pocket an hour ago. Teacher asks Ss, Have you seen my chocolate? --------No, I haven’t. Ss guess Teacher says Maybe you have put it in your bag. ---------No, I haven’t. Maybe you have put it in your book. ---------Yes, I have. How clever you are! I will send it to you.

26. III. While-task Task 1: Teacher asks, Do you still remember Hobo and Eddie? What are they talking about now? Let’s listen to the tape. (play the tape for the Ss to listen to the dialogue between Hobo and Eddie.) Task 2: Ask some questions about it: 1. Where is Hobo’s food? 2. Why did Eddie eat food? 3. Is Hobo happy? 4. What does Hobo think of Eddie?

27. Task 3: Explain the important phrases and sentences in the dialogue. Phrases：an hour ago, be hungry, be kind, be so bad, want to do sth, play with sb., not…any more Sentences： 1.It was in the bowl an hour ago . 2.Because I was very hungry. 3.You were kind. 4.You always wanted to play with me. 5.Have you seen my food? 6.I’ve just eaten it. 7.You’ve eaten my food.

28. Task 4: Work in pairs and drill the dialogue. Task 5: Ask some Ss to act the dialogue out, then do the exercise. Hobo’s food _______ in the _______ an hour ago. But it isn’t there now. Why? Eddie has just _______ it because he is ________. Hobo thinks Eddie has _______ and he is _______ bad now. He doesn’t want to _______ with Eddie any ________. Task 6: Ask and answer Eddie and Hobo both think they have changed a lot. That’s true. There are also many changes in our life. How did you come to school today? Do you know other different forms of transport？

29. Task 7: Welcome to the unit. Show some pictures of the the different forms of transport. Ask the Ss to fill in the blanks with the correct names. Then check the answers. Light Rail Peak Tram Star Ferry tram underground

30. Task 8 Guessing game Read the following sentences and ask the students to guess which mode of transport you are describing. • It has traveled across Victoria Harbour, between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon since 1898. (ferry) • It’s an easy way to get to the op of the peak. (peak tram) • There are many of them. Each one has wheels and takes you to many places in and around Hong Kong. (bus) • It has provided transport service for people living in the north-west New Territories since 1988. (light rail) • It is the fastest way of traveling and was introduced to Hong Kong in 1925. (plane) • Thousands of people travel to work on it every day. (underground)

31. IV. Post-task 1. Talk about the transport at different times in Hong Kong using the sentence: There has been … since …. 2. Read the context of Part A and expand on it to create interest. Link it to personal experiences and talk about the usefulness, convenience and efficiency of different modes of travel. Which is your favorite transport? Why?

32. Period 3—4 Reading 本课时基本任务: 1.阅读关于九龙岛的变迁。 2.掌握相关的词汇、短语和本文中出现的语言点。

33. 单词: actually, block, marry, dentist, stall, turn, chess, pollution, land, safely, lonely 词组: get married, move to, move out of, turn into, in the past, Chinese chess, play cards/Chinese chess, noise pollution, take off, in some ways, feel a bit lonely, from time to time, open space 句型: 1. How long have you known…? I’ve known the place for many years / since I was very young. 2. We lived together until 1960 when I got married. 3. Has the place changed a lot? Yes, the place has changed a lot. 4. Was noise pollution a problem before the closing of the old airport? 5. It’s nice to have open space and pretty gardens. 6. It has become more difficult to see my old friends. 7. I feel a bit lonely from time to time.

34. I. Lead-in Review the names of different forms of transport in Hong Kong using pictures. II. Pre-task Learn the following new words by showing some pictures about Hong Kong: take off, market stall, Chinese medicine shop, dentist shop, temple, change a lot, turn into a park. We have got some information about Hong Kong. Do you thinkHong Kong has changed a lot ? Millie wants to write about the changes to the Kowloon Walled City in Hong Kong . Now she is interviewing Mr Dong about this place to get some information.

35. III. While-task Task 1: Ask Ss to listen to the conversation between Millie and Mr Dong. Then answer some T or F questions. 1.Mr Dong was born in the Kowloon Walled City . ______ 2.When Mr Dong got married, he moved to another block with his wife. ________ 3.They moved out of the Kowloon Walled City in 1991 because Mr Dong had a new job. _____ 4.Now there are 30,000 people in the Kowloon Walled City. _____ 5.Mr Dong often goes back to meet his old friend . _________ 6.Mr Dong and his friend often play cards and Chinese chess at his friend's home. ___________ 7.Mr Dong misses his old friend. _____

36. Task 2 Ask the Ss to read the conversation to get more details and answer some questions. Read line 1 to line 9 and answer : 1. How long has Mr Dong known the Kowloon Walled City ? 2 .Has Mr Dong actually lived in the Kowloon Walled City ? 3. When did Mr Dong get married ? 4. What did he do after he got married ? 5. When did he move out of the Kowloon Walled City ? Why ?

37. Read line 10 to line 15 and answer : 1. Has the Kowloon Walled City changed a lot or a little? 2. Can you give me examples? 3. What is the place like now ? Read line 16 to line 24 and answer : 1.Does Mr Dong often go back ? 2. What do they often do in the park ? 3. What was the problem before the closing of the old airport ? Why ? 4. Does Mr Dong miss the planes ? Why ? Read line 25 to the last line and answer : Is the life better now ?

38. Task 3. Explain the following phrases. for many years since many years ago get married move to move out of change a lot change a little turn into a park noise pollution land safely have open space feel a bit lonely from time to time

39. Task 4. Fill in the blanks according to the conversation. nown act ince Mr Dong has k_____ the Kowloon Walled City for many years . In f____, he was born there and has known it s_____he was very young . When he got married in 1960, he m____ to another flat in the same block with his wife . But they had to move out of the Kowloon Walled City in 1991 because the government wanted to build a new park there . Now the city has c______ a lot. In the past the noise pollution was t______ when the plane t____ off.It is more beautiful and q_____ than before . But Mr Dong often feels a bit l_____ because many of his friends have moved to other areas . He m_____ them very much . oved hanged errible ook uieter onely isses

40. Task 5: Ask Ss to do Part C1, then check answers as a whole class activity. Task 6： Do exercises. Each line has a mistake. Find it out and correct it. In the past, 20,000 people lived in the Walled City. We had our own Chinese medicine shops, dentists, a temple and some western restaurants. Now it has changed a lot. The place I lived in has changed into a airport now. I often meet my old friends there. Life is better now. And noise pollution is still a problem. But we think the planes were like my new friends and we were always pleased when they took off safely. Now it’s quiet.

41. Discussion • Changzhou: past and present • Changzhou in the future • What should you do?

42. Period 5 Vocabulary & Checkout 本课时基本任务: 1.了解反义词及其反义词的词缀 2.在具体语境中运用恰当的形容词表达肯定和否定 3.通过Checkout练习复习现在完成时

43. 单词：lucky, interview, grandpa, unkind, impolite, although, over, unhealthy, sadly, cheap/expensive, easy/difficult, fast/slow, good/bad, happy/sad, high/low, hot/cold, new/old, same/different, long/short, (in)complete, (in)correct, (im)polite, (im)possible, (un)healthy, (un)kind, (un)lucky, (un)pleasant, (dis)honest, (dis)like 词组：have an interview with, ask sb about sth, tell sb about sth, from time to time, as often as before, more and more people 句型： • I am going to write an article on the Kowloon Walled City for my History Project. • Although Mr Dong is over 70, he still looks very healthy. • Sadly, he is lonely from time to time because he misses his old friends. • It is hard for him to see them as often as before.

44. I. Lead-in Teacher asks Ss some questions about the reading passage. 1)How many people lived in the Kowloon Walled city in the past? 30,000 people. 2)What shops did they have? They had their own Chinese medicine shops, dentists and market stalls. 3)What were the planes like according to what people said? They said the planes were like old friends. 4)When were they pleased? When the planes landed safely. 5)What problem was there before the closing of the old airport? There was noise pollution.

45. II. Pre-task Teacher says, “I will give you some English explanations of some words. Please tell me what words they mean?” actually----really, in fact block-----a group of buildings stall-----table, small open-fronted shop in a market. pleasant---giving pleasure to the mind, feelings pollution—making sth dirty terrible----very bad lonely—unhappy because you are alone landed---arrived and came down to the ground took off----left the ground and started to fly miss-------think of someone or something a lot dentists---people who look after our teeth married----having a husband or wife

46. III. While-task Task 1: Teacher says, “ I will give you some words. Do you still remember their opposites?” honest----dishonest appear----disappear like----dislike correct---- incorrect possible----impossible polite----impolite happy----unhappy lucky----unlucky healthy----unhealthy regular----irregular Task 2: Open your books and turn to Page 8. Ask Ss to read the words together. Explain the meanings of the words if necessary.

47. Task 3: Teacher asks, What did Millie do with Lily’s grandpa? She had a interview with Lily’s grandpa. Read Millie’s diary and underline the wrong words. Write the correct words above the mistakes. IV. Post-task Ask the students to say something about Lily’s grandpa and Mr Dong.

48. V. Homework I．写出下列词的反义词 like possible correct formal comfortable order important lock necessary appear happyable regular 从上面选出正确的词把句子补充完整 1)It is _____ for you to walk your little dog once a week to the park. 2)You’ll be ___________ to pass the exam if you don’t study hard. 3)Can you give us a ____________ answer? I really need your help? 4)Is it __________ to get to the city by train, or must I take a bus? 5)He feels ___________ because he lost this wallet. 6)There is a __________ rain in Sahara Desert every year. 7)Please put these sentences in _________. 8)There was something wrong with his stomach. He felt ________.

49. 2. 根据句子意思，用所给词的适当形式填入 1)Chinese people are very ________ to foreign friends. (friend) 2)When he knew the bird died, he felt _______. (happy) 3)It is ________ for us to have a walk in the morning or in the evening. It’s good for our health. (necessary) 4)Xiao Li is very _________, sometimes he loses his books, sometimes he leaves his keys at home. (care) 5)Do you think it’s _______ to protect the wildlife in our world? (unimportant) 6)It is ________ to come to school late. (polite) 7)You should keep _______ in the library. (noisy) 8)It’s very _______ in summer in Nanjing. (cold)

50. Period 6 Grammar B 本课时基本任务: • 学习现在完成时的时间副词和时间短语。 • 能在语境中运用现在完成时。