Single-celled organisms have all the characteristics of living things.

1. Single-celled organisms have all the characteristics of living things. • Living things in different shapes and sizes • Microorganisms are organisms that are not visible without a microscope • Usually only one-celled • found in all habitats • Macro organisms • Made of more than one cell • can be seen with the naked eye

2. Single-celled organisms have all the characteristics of living things. • All living organisms broken into 6 kingdoms • Plants • Animals • Fungi • Protista • Archaea • Bacteria • Last 3 groups are mostly microscopic organisms

3. Single-celled organisms have all the characteristics of living things. • Living things share common characteristics • Organization • All have a cell membrane • Some have nucleus, some do not • Growth • All living things increase in size • All need to get energy • Obtain materials to build new structures or repair old ones • Reproduction • All organisms contain genetic material • Found in DNA • Passed on to offspring

4. Single-celled organisms have all the characteristics of living things. • Reproduce by binary fission • Material from one cell separates inot 2 cells • Genetic material from the 1st cell (parent cell) doubles • Each new cell (daughter cell) gets an exact copy • Response • Organisms respond to changes in the environment • Even microscopic organisms can respond to conditions such as • Light • Temperature • Touch

5. Single-celled organisms have all the characteristics of living things. • Living things need energy, materials, and living space • All living things need energy and materials • Air and water are materials necessary for life. • Food necessary for energy • Most activities of living things take place in water. • Many processes that capture and release energy involve carbon dioxide and oxygen

6. Single-celled organisms have all the characteristics of living things. • Viruses are not alive • Virus has genetic material enclosed in a protein shell • viruses are not as complex as a cell and not considered a living thing. • viruses can only reproduce with a host

7. Bacteria and Archaea are the smallest living things • Bacteria • The simplest kind of life known on Earth. • Contains all the structures needed for survival. Its cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, and cytoplasm • Reproduce using binary fission • Most common and can be found in nearly every environment

8. Bacteria and Archaea are the smallest living things • Reproduce using binary fission • Most common and can be found in nearly every environment

9. Bacteria and Archaea are the smallest living things • Bacteria are classified by their external shapes • Spiral shaped • Occur in single strands • Rod-shaped • Occur singly or in chains • Round-shaped • Occur singly or in pairs, chains or clusters

10. Archaea and bacteria are found in many environments • Archaea • Single-celled organisms with no nuclei that can survive in the largest range of environments. • Environments may be very hot or cold or contain so much of a substance, such as salt, that most living things would be poisoned. • Grouped according to where they live

11. Archaea and bacteria are found in many environments • Methanogens • Named from the methane, the natural gas that they produce (CH4) • Die if they are exposed to oxygen • Live in the dense mud of swamps and marshes, and in the guts of animals

12. Archaea and bacteria are found in many environments Methanopyrus kandleri This organism grows at 80-100oC in an H2-CO2 atmosphere. Methanopyrus kandleri has been located at the base of a 2,000 m deep "black smoker" chimney on the sea floor in the Gulf of California. Methanocaldococcus jannaschiiM. jannaschii can grow in habitats with pressure up to more than 200 atm and a temperature range between 48 and 94oC, with an optimum growth temperature being 85oC.

13. Archaea and bacteria are found in many environments • Halophiles • Live in very salty lakes and ponds

14. Archaea and bacteria are found in many environments • Thermophiles • Live in extreme heat or cold • Hot springs, near hot vents, deep under the sea, or buried meters deep in ice Geothermobacterium ferrireducens Thermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park

15. Archaea and bacteria are found in many environments • 3 roles bacteria play in the environment • Producers • Transform energy from sunlight into energy that can be used by cells • A food source for organisms that cannot make their own food • Decomposers • Get energy by breaking down materials in dead or decaying organisms. • Help others reuse materials found in decaying matter • Parasites • Organisms that harm their hosts • Get energy by living on or inside living organisms

16. Archaea and bacteria are found in many environments • Bacteria may help or harm other organism • Helpful bacteria • Break down organic matter in soil and sewage • Fix nitrogen, making it available to plants • Essential part of animal digestive systems E. Coli bacteria in animals

17. Soybean root nodules, each containing billions of Bradyrhizobium bacteria Nodules on cowpea root

18. Archaea and bacteria are found in many environments • Harmful bacteria • Cause disease in plants and animals by invading body parts or by poisoning the host organism with chemicals they release or with their cells

19. 1.3 • Viruses share some characteristics with living things • Viruses consist of genetic material contained inside a protective protein called a capsid • Not alive and do not grow or respond to the environment

20. Viruses multiply inside living cells • Cannot reproduce but instead use materials within living cells to make copies of themselves • Host cells -the cells that viruses infect in order to make copies

21. Making new viruses (Bacteriophage) • Attachment • The virus attaches to the surface of the bacterium • Injection • The viruses injects its DNA into the bacterium • Production • The host cell makes copies of the viral DNA • Assembly • New viruses assemble from the parts that have been created • Release • The cell bursts open, releasing 100 or more new viruses • SEE TEXT FOR VISUAL EXAMPLES

22. Viruses may harm host cells • Viruses reproductive process usually kills host cells and thus causes disease that may kill the organism

23. Most protists are single celled • Protists • Include all organisms with cells having nuclei and not belonging to the animal, plant or fungi kingdoms • Most diverse of all kingdoms • Most protists are single-celled, microscopic organisms that live in water • Protists also include organisms with many cells • Have simpler structures than animals, plants, or fungi

24. Most protists are single celled • Algae- plant-like protists • Capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy • They have chlorophyll and photosynthesize, releasing oxygen gas into the air • Producer • Cells provide food for many other organisms • Also produce oxygen Diatoms

25. Most protists are single celled • Protists come in a variety of shapes and sizes • Seaweed- multicellular protist that floats in the water and can be found washed up on beaches

26. Diatoms-single-celled algae that float in water and are covered by hard shells • Euglena- single-celled organisms that can move like animals but also get energy from sunlight

27. Protists obtain their energy in 3 ways • Protists can be classified by their way of getting energy • Capturing sunlight and converting it to useable energy • Obtaining energy from eating other organisms • Obtaining energy by absorbing materials and nutrients from its environment

28. Protists obtain their energy in 3 ways • Plankton-all organisms that drift in water

29. Protists obtain their energy in 3 ways • Protozoa – animal-like single celled protists that eat other organisms, or decaying parts of other organisms • Cannot use sunlight as a source of energy • They must move around to obtain the energy they need to survive • Some swim rapidly, sweeping bacteria or other protists into a groove that looks like a mouth

30. Protists obtain their energy in 3 ways • Some swim with one or more long whiplike structures called flagella

31. Protists obtain their energy in 3 ways • Some ooze along surfaces. When it encounters prey, it spreads out and wraps around its food Slimy plasmodium of Fuligo septica the color of peanut butter. A number of descriptive terms have been applied to this fungus, including "vomit slime mold" and "dog vomit slime mold."

32. Protists obtain their energy in 3 ways • Decomposers- protists that take in materials from the soil or from other organisms and break material down in order to obtain energy