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Class Size Reduction Policy in South Korea Soomyung Jang

Class Size Reduction Policy in South Korea Soomyung Jang Research Fellow, Korean Educational Development Institute. <Table I -1> Planned Budget for School Environment Improvement (Unit: Billion Won). <Source: Ministry of Education and Human Resources 2001.7.20>. <Figure I-1>.

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Class Size Reduction Policy in South Korea Soomyung Jang

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  1. Class Size Reduction Policy in South Korea Soomyung Jang Research Fellow, Korean Educational Development Institute

  2. <Table I -1> Planned Budget for School Environment Improvement(Unit: Billion Won) <Source: Ministry of Education and Human Resources 2001.7.20>

  3. <Figure I-1> <Figure I-1>

  4. <Figure I-2>

  5. ● Elementary School : 35.6 (2001) → 33.9 (2003) ⇒ 1.7 reduction ● Middle School : 37.3 (2001) → 34.8 (2003) ⇒ 2.5 reduction ● High School : 39.7 (2001) → 33.1 (2003) ⇒ 6.6 reduction < Table I-2> The Changes in the Average Class Size after the Class Size Reduction Project began

  6. Class Size larger than 35 Class Size larger than 40 The number of schools (Average school Size) The number of students (%) The number of schools (Average School Size) The number of students (%) Elementary School 2162 (1,498) 3,238,676 (79) 908 (1,818) 1,650,744 (40) Middle School 1,383 (978) 1,352,574 (74) 663 (1,148) 761,124 (42) General High School 961 (1,222) 1,174,342 (93) 651 (1,389) 904,239 (72) Vocational School 396 (1,207) 477,972 (74) 159 (1,372) 218,148 (34) <Table I-3> Students in and Schools with Large Classes in 2001

  7. Class Size larger than 35 Class Size larger than 40 The number of schools (Average School Size) The number of students (%) The number of schools (Average School Size) The number of students (%) Elementary School 1,760 (1,543) 2,715,680 (65) 609 (1,817) 1,106,553 (27) Middle School 1,024 (1,070) 1,095,680 (59) 244 (1,312) 320,128 (17) General High School 316 (1,286) 406,376 (33.2) 21 (957) 20,097 (1.6) Vocational School 77 (1,192) 91,861 (16.9%) 1 (530) 530 (0.1) <Table I-4> Students in and Schools with Large Classes in 2003

  8. <Table I-5> Changes in Educational Environment of Elementary Schools in 180 School Districts <Unit: Person> Variables Average Standard deviation Min Max Number of Students in 2003 22,858 27,144 629 130,575 Change in Number of Students (2003-1999) 1,365 3,985 -4,531 23,853 Change in Class Size (2003-1999) -0.98 1.72 -5.99 4.29 Class Size in 2003 27.82 7.50 10.85 42.17 Change in Number of Classes (2003-1999) 66 136 -76 685 Change in Student-Teacher Ratio(2003-1999) -0.94 1.68 -6.04 3.49 Student-Teacher Ratio 2003 21.64 6.80 8.56 35.68 Change in Number of Teachers(2003-1999) 92 180 -90 877 Change in ST ratio (2003-1999) 9.99 68.87 -264.5 252.59 School Size in 2003 531.98 457.91 41.32 1625.93 <Table I-5> Changes in Educational Environment of Elementary Schools in 180 School Districts <Unit: Person> <Source: Korea Educational Statistics Each Year>

  9. <Table I-5> Changes in Educational Environment of Elementary Schools in 180 School Districts <Unit: Person> Variables Average Standard deviation Min Max Number of Students in 2003 60,228 24,415 4,166 130,575 Change in Number of Students (2003-1999) 1,600 3,847 -4,033 16,049 Change in Class Size (2003-1999) -2.85 1.48 -5.99 0.07 Class Size in 2003 34.94 2.96 22.89 37.89 Change in Number of Classes (2003-1999) 166 1.54 -23 623 Change in Student-Teacher Ratio(2003-1999) -3.34 1.38 -6.04 -0.95 Student-Teacher Ratio 2003 28.00 2.74 16.53 30.82 Change in Number of Teachers(2003-1999) -52.73 76.47 -264.43 66.13 Change in school size (2003-1999) 272 198 5 877 School Size in 2003 1152.69 310.21 181.13 1625.93 <Table I-6> Changes in Educational Environment of Elementary Schools in 29 Large City School Districts <Unit: Person> <Source: Korea Educational Statistics Each Year>

  10. <Table I-5> Changes in Educational Environment of Elementary Schools in 180 School Districts <Unit: Person> Variables Average Standard deviation Min Max Number of Students in 2003 29,093 25,202 3,644 116,097 Change in Number of Students (2003-1999) 2,997 5,471 -4,531 23,853 Change in Class Size (2003-1999) -0.96 1.38 -3.51 2.47 Class Size in 2003 32.59 5.48 21.56 42.17 Change in Number of Classes (2003-1999) 107 1.60 -39 685 Change in Student-Teacher Ratio(2003-1999) -0.87 1.36 -3.68 2.31 Student-Teacher Ratio 2003 26.06 5.10 15.84 35.68 Change in Number of Teachers(2003-1999) 136 200 -52 866 Change in school size (2003-1999) 23.69 85.73 264.52 252.59 School Size in 2003 676.85 412.59 163.5 1576.73 <Table I-7> Changes in Educational Environment of Elementary Schools in 64 City School Districts in 10 Provinces <Unit: Person> <Source: Korea Educational Statistics Each Year>

  11. <Table I-5> Changes in Educational Environment of Elementary Schools in 180 School Districts <Unit: Person> Variables Average Standard deviation Min Max Number of Students in 2003 5814 8,969 629 58,148 Change in Number of Students (2003-1999) 85.41 1,630 -1,115 11,740 Change in Class Size (2003-1999) -0.37 1.57 -4.63 4.29 Class Size in 2003 21.93 4.80 10.85 38.41 Change in Number of Classes (2003-1999) 2.26 59.43 -76 351 Change in Student-Teacher Ratio(2003-1999) -0.19 1.17 -2.71 3.49 Student-Teacher Ratio 2003 16.26 4.13 8.56 31.77 Change in Number of Teachers(2003-1999) -1.02 66.93 -90 358 Change in school size (2003-1999) 20.82 31.64 -63.0 199.17 School Size in 2003 218.50 188.28 41.32 1418.24 <Table I-8> Changes in Educational Environment of Elementary Schools in 87 Rural School Districts in 10 Provinces <Unit: Person> <Source: Korea Educational Statistics Each Year>

  12. <Figure I-3> Average Class Size of Elementary Schools Across 180 School Districts in 1999 and 2003

  13. <Figure I-4 > Student-Teacher Ratios of Elementary Schools across 180 School Districts in 1999 and 2003

  14. <Figure I-5> Class Size and ST Ratio in Elementary Schools in Imsil School District in North Choella Province

  15. <Figure I-6 > Class Size and ST Ratio in Elementary Schools in Changnyoung School District in South Kyoungsang Province

  16. <Figure I-7 > Class Size and ST Ratio in Elementary Schools in Ansan School District in Kyounggi Province

  17. <Figure I-8 > Class Size and ST Ratio in Elementary Schools in Cheonan School District in South Chungcheong Province

  18. Ward Class Size (2001) Class Size (2002) Change in Class Size ST Ratio (2001-2002) Change in ST Ratio Change in Student Number (1998-2002) 1 45 37 -8 23 19 -5 -4,994 2 43 37 -6 22 19 -6 -2,380 3 43 35 -8 21 18 -5 -2,686 4 50 35 -15 23 17 -9 -424 5 48 40 -8 25 20 -6 -2,949 6 48 37 -11 24 19 -7 -954 7 49 38 -11 24 18 -8 -2,055 8 48 39 -9 24 20 -6 -2,385 9 49 39 -10 25 19 -8 619 10 48 38 -10 28 21 -8 -886 <Table I-9> Class size reduction of high schools in each ward in Seoul

  19. 11 49 39 -10 24 20 -6 -676 12 42 36 -6 23 20 -5 -2958 13 42 35 -7 21 18 -5 -2155 14 43 37 -6 22 18 -6 -1143 15 47 36 -6 24 19 -6 -2085 16 45 39 -5 24 21 -6 -4819 17 43 36 -6 21 18 -5 -84 18 43 36 -7 23 19 -7 -1433 19 42 34 -8 19 16 -7 -2523 20 42 34 -8 21 18 -6 -117 21 41 34 -7 20 17 -7 -4536 22 41 35 -6 20 17 -7 -5150 23 41 36 -6 21 19 -5 -6899 24 44 38 -6 21 18 -6 -4675 25 44 37 -7 22 18 -6 -3991 7100 Classes 8025 Classes +925 Classes 14125 Teachers 15825 Teachers +1700 Teacher -20,425 (2001-2002) (-552 classes) If class size is 37 (+1075 Teachers) Average 44.8 36.7 -7.9 22.6 18.6 -6.3     <Source: Korea Educational Statistics Each Year>

  20. City or Province Temporary Teacher City or Province Temporary Teacher Pusan 168 North Chungcheung 127 Daegue 141 South Chungcheung 1,261 Incheon 116 North Cheolla 101 Kwangju 211 South Cheolla 166 Ulsan 160 North Kyungsang 256 Kyunggi 995 South Kyunsang 473 Kangwon 107 Chuju 4 <Table I-10> Temporary Teachers <Source: MOE& HR South Korea>

  21. Year Graduates Year Expected Graduates 2,001 5195 2004 5,350 2,002 5072 2005 4,933 2,003 5499 2006 5,732 2007 7,537 <Table I-11> Annual number of the graduates and expected graduates from universities of education (unit: person) <Source: MOE&HD>  

  22. Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 New Teachers 12,300 15,700 19,600 21,100 21,400 22,200 <Table I-12> Employment Plans (unit: person) <Source: MOE&HD>  

  23. Easier Class Management and Student Guidance through more familiarity with Students? Class size Reduction Less than 6 Class size Reduction Between 6 and 10 Class size Reduction More than 10 N(%) N(%) N(%) Agree very much 625 (28.38) 437 (35.21) 301 (41.43) Agree 1319 (59.90) 709 (57.13) 371 (50.89) Do not agree 219 (9.95) 79 (6.37) 48 (6.58) Do not agree at all 39 (1.77) 16 (1.29) 8 (1.10) Total 2202 (100) 1241 (100) 729 (100) <Table I-13> Effects of Class Size Reduction on Class Management and Student Guidance in High Schools

  24. More Concentration on classes and better teaching? Class size Reduction Less than 6 Class size Reduction Between 6 and 10 Class size Reduction More than 10 N(%) N(%) N(%) Agree very much 543 (24.69) 366 (29.54) 240 (32.92) Agree 1312 (59.66) 737 (59.48) 402 (55.14) Do not agree 286 (13.01) 117 (9.44) 75 (10.29) Do not agree at all 58 (2.64) 19 (1.53) 12 (1.65) Total 2199 (100) 1239 (100) 729 (100)

  25. Closer Relationship With Students? Class size Reduction Less than 6 Class size Reduction Between 6 and 10 Class size Reduction More than 10 N(%) N(%) N(%) Agree very much 450 (20.45) 294 (23.75) 197 (27.10) Agree 1302 (59.18) 719 (58.08) 419 (57.63) Do not agree 392 (17.82) 205 (16.56) 98 (13.48) Do not agree at all 56 (2.55) 20 (1.62) 13(1.79) Total 2200 (100) 1238 (100) 727 (100)

  26. Class Size in 2003 Compared to in 2002 Frequency Percent (%) Almost the Same 7649 65.95 Smaller 2317 19.98 Larger 1633 14.08 Total 11599 100 <Table I-14> Class Size Reduction between 2002 and 2003 (unit: person)

  27. Easier to get teacher’s personal attention and guidance? Not at all Do Not Agree Do not Know Agree Agree Strongly Total X2 Class Size Change between 2002 and 2003 Almost Same 708 (9.37) 1536 (20.33) 4430 (58.62) 786 (10.40) 97 (1.28) 7557 (100) 425.715*** df=8 Smaller 219 (9.49) 481 (20.84) 1160 (50.26) 389 (16.85) 59 (2.56) 2308 (100) Larger 261 (16.04) 580 (35.65) 685 (42.10) 87 (5.35) 14 (0.86) 1627 (100) Total 2597 (226) 6275 (54.6) 1262 (11.0) 170 (1.5) 11492 (100) <Table I-15> Recognition of Effects of Class Size Reduction by Students ( % ) *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001

  28. Easier Taking Classes Due to Better Class Climate? Not at all Do Not Agree Do not Know Agree Agree Strongly Total X2 Class Size Change between 2002 and 2003 Almost Same 736 (9.74) 1662 (21.98) 3921 (51.87) 1096 (14.5) 145 (1.92) 7560 (100) 320.939*** df=8 Smaller 210 (9.09) 491 (21.26) 1034 (44.78) 498 (21.57) 76 (3.29) 2309 (100) Larger 300 (18.42) 507 (31.12) 623 (38.24) 163 (10.01) 36 (2.21) 1629 (100) Total 2660 (23.1) 5578 (48.5) 1757 (15.3) 257 (2.2) 1149 (100) *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001

  29. Not at all Do Not Agree Do not Know Agree Agree Strongly Total X2 Class Size Change between 2002 and 2003 Almost Same 615 (8.14) 1574 (20.83) 4317 (57.13) 937 (12.40) 114 (1.51) 7557 (100) 430.824*** df=8 Smaller 209 (9.06) 455 (19.72) 1212 (52.54) 377 (16.34) 54 (2.34) 2307 (100) Larger 235 (14.44) 511 (31.41) 721 (44.31) 142 (8.73) 18 (1.11) 1627 (100) Total 2540 (22.1) 6250 (54.4) 1456 (12.7) 186 (1.6) 1149 (100) Easier Participation in Class Activities? *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001

  30. Not at all Do Not Agree Do not Know Agree Agree Strongly Total X2 Class Size Change between 2002 and 2003 Almost Same 381 (5.04) 614 (8.12) 4102 (54.25) 2033 (26.89) 431 (5.70) 7561 (100) 320.939*** df=8 Getting along with classmates better? Smaller 135 (5.85) 228 (9.88) 1075 (46.60) 726 (31.47) 143 (6.20) 2307 (100) Larger 109 (6.70) 220 (13.52) 771 (47.39) 438 (26.92) 89 (5.47) 1627 (100) Total 1062 (9.2) 5948 (51.7) 3197 (27.8) 663 (5.8) 1149 (100) *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001

  31. Average Seoul Large cities Medium and Small Cities Rural Areas 1984 1997 2001 2003 1984 1997 2001 1984 1997 2001 1984 1997 2001 1984 1997 2001 Elementary School Desirable Class Size 26 -30 26.1 23.3 20 (22.5) - 21.7 -30.7 23.9 - 24.2 -31.6 24.5 - 23.3 -29.3 23.8 - 22.0 -26.3 21.2 Actual Class Size 47.2 35.0 35.5 33.4 - 36.7 36.9 56.8 38.6 37.1 54.2 - - 40.9 25.3 29.1 Middle School Desirable Class Size 26 -30 28.6 23.3 22.5 - 25.0 -29.1 23.9 - 26.3 -30.3 24.5 - 27.1 -33.3 23.8 - 25.6 -33.2 21.7 Actual Class Size 63.2 43.6 37.2 34.7 - 41.1 33.9 67.0 45.4 39.3 64.6 - - 59.3 39.3 31.9 <Table I-16> Optimum Class Size for Educational Consideration (Unit : person)

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