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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. Chapters 4 & 5. A. The Importance of Carbon. 1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 2. Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules 3. Variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the diversity of organic molecules.

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry Chapters 4 & 5

  2. A. The Importance of Carbon • 1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 2. Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules 3. Variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the diversity of organic molecules

  3. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring

  4. B. Functional Groups • 1. Functional groups also contribute to the molecular diversity of life • a. hydroxyl group and alcohols b. carbonyl group and aldehydes and ketones c. carboxyl group and carboxylic acids d. amion groups and amines e. sulfhydryl group and thiols f. phosphate groups

  5. C. Polymer Principles • 1. Most macromolecules are polymers 2. A limitless variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers

  6. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers.

  7. D. Carbohydrates: Fuel and Building Material • 1. Sugars • a. smallest carbohydrates b. serve as fuel and carbon sources • 2. Polysaccharides • a. polymers made of sugars b. storage and structure

  8. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

  9. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. • Monosaccharides are simple sugars. • Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose (fiberous plants), and glycogen (in muscles)

  10. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

  11. E. Lipids: Diverse Hydrophobic Molecules • 1. Fats store large amounts of energy 2. Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes 3. Steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones

  12. Triglyceride • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. • Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

  13. broken down as a source of energy • make up cell membranes • Lipids have several different functions. • used to make hormones

  14. saturated fatty acids • unsaturated fatty acids • Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.

  15. Phospholipid • Polar phosphate “head” • Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.

  16. F. Proteins: The Molecular Tools of the Cell • 1. A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids connected in a specific sequence 2. A protein's function depends on its specific conformation

  17. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

  18. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

  19. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

  20. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

  21. G. Nucleic Acids: Informational Polymers • 1. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information2. A nucleic acid strand is a polymer of nucleotides 3. Inheritance is based on replication of the DNA double helix 4. DNA and proteins can serve as tape measures of evolution

  22. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

  23. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

  24. DNA RNA • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • DNA stores genetic information. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • RNA builds proteins.

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