Processing of Petroleum

1. Processing of Petroleum April 2006

2. Basics • Hydrocarbon • Mixture • Properties • Physical • Chemical • Changes • Physical • chemical

4. Crude – Homogeneous Mixture

5. Crude Oil • Homogeneous Mixture of Hydrocarbons • Petroleum gas 1 to 4 carbon atoms • Naphtha or Ligroin 5 to 9 carbon atom • Gasoline 5 to 12 carbon atoms • Kerosene 10 to 18 carbons • Gas oil or Diesel 12 or more carbon atoms • Lubricating oil 20 to 50 carbon atoms • Fuel oil 20 to 70 carbon atoms • Residuals 70 or more carbon atoms

6. End uses of one barrel (42 gallons) of crude oil

7. Oil Refining • Crude Oil • Fractional Distillation • Chemical Processing • Treating and Blending

8. Fractional Distillationhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining4.htm • Heat • Boils to vapor • Vapor enters column • Vapor rises and cools • Condenses • Collection separates

12. Chemical Processing • Cracking • Unification • Alteration

13. Cracking • Break large molecule into smaller molecules

14. Unification • Combine small molecule into larger molecules

15. Alteration • Rearrange atoms in molecule

16. Octane Rating • How much can you compress the fuel before it spontaneously ignites? Length of carbon chain Arrangement of carbons in the carbon chain

17. Octane • 18 structural isomers • Iso-octane • N-octane

18. Octane Rating

19. Chemical Processing • Cracking • Unification • Alteration

20. Treating and Blending • Remove impurities • Blend to make products • Gasoline of various grades • Lubricating oils • Kerosene • Jet fuel • Heating oil • Chemicals for making plastics and other polymers

21. Advantages/Disadvantages??

22. Combustion of Hydrocarbons results in products • Carbon monoxide • Unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons • Water • Carbon dioxide • Contaminants

23. Oxygenated Fuels Additives with oxygen-containing compounds MTBE Ethanol

24. Reformulated Gasolines • Lower percentage of “small” hydrocarbons with lower boiling points.