Petroleum

1. Petroleum Khalid Al-Qurashi Jennifer Clemons Maria Escallon Weidong Gu

2. Topics to be Covered • Petroleum History • Technological Aspects • Gasoline • Environmental Impacts

3. Petroleum History • Commercial Production History • Oil Price History

4. Commercial Production History • 1900’s. Automobiles with gasoline-burning engines • Early 1920’s. Petrochemical industry was born. Aviation fuel, synthetic rubber, pesticides, fertilizers, plastics, nylon, among others. “We areliving at the peak of the age of Petroleum” Source: API • 1723. Became important → Peter the Great of Russia conquered Baku (Persia). Condition: Profits to the crown • Before 1800’s. Americans skimmed oil to obtain kerosene • 1854. Invention of the kerosene lamp → Formation of the first American oil company (in PA). Seneca Oil Company • 1859 “Boom”-Titusville (PA) . Drake’s well

5. Oil Price History Strong Economy in Asia

7. Petroleum Technological Aspects What is Petroleum ? Properties of petroleum Products from petroleum Petroleum refinery

8. What is Petroleum? • Petroleum, also known as Crude Oil ,is occurring brown to black flammable liquid. • Mainly constituted of hydrocarbons mixed with variable amount of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metal (such as V,Ni) compounds. • 100,000 to1,000,000 different compounds

9. Mainly properties of petroleum • API gravity • Most commonly crude oil in the rang 20~45 • Higher API, more paraffine, higher yields of gasoline • Sulfur, wet % • Sour is S% > 1, Sweet is <0.5 • Viscosity at 100°F

10. Products from petroleum Crude oil Refinery processing Fuel Materials Petrochemicals

12. Burner fuel Saturate Gas Recovery LPG Unsaturate Gas Recovery MTBE Alkylation gasoline Hydrotreating Crude oil Catalytic reforming Atmoshperic Distillation Hydrotreating Hydrocracking Hydrotreating Diesel Lube oil Hydrotreating Fluid Catalytic cracking Hydro- treating Vacuum Distillation Coking Petroleum coke Asphalt, fuel oil

13. Technical features • Convert heavier products into lighter ones into gasoline, Such as thermal cracking,coking, viscosity breaking, catalytic cracking, and hydrocracking • Combining lighter products into heavier ones, such as butane and propylene into alkylate , a high-octane gasoline component,such as alkylation and polymerization • Rearranging the molecular structure to improve desirable qualities,such as reforming low-octane gasoline into high octane, such as catalytic reforming and isomerization • Treating, to remove contaminants such as sulfur and nitrogen

14. Gasoline

15. Ref. Internal Combustion Engine and Air Pollution

16. What is Gasoline? • A fuel designed for SIE’s • Mixture of Hydrocarbon, (over 500)1, plus additives. • 1 B. Hamilton, FAQ: Automotive Gasoline

17. History of Gasoline: • Coal tar distillates: Late 19th century. • Gasoline from Petroleum: Early 20th century. • Typical mid-1920s gasoline was 40 - 60 Octane. • 1950s: compression ratio increase, requiring higher octane fuels: Leaded was introduced. • 1970s: leaded was prohibited. • 1970-1990: slow changes in gasoline as lead was phased-out. • 1990 + : the US Clean Air Act started forcing major compositional changes on gasoline. • These changes will continue into the 21st Century.

18. What is Knocking? • The sound of abnormal combustion.

19. Can Knocking Harm My Engine? • Light Knocking won’t harm an engine. • Heavy or prolonged can result in engine damage. • What is Octane? • A measure of the ability of gasoline to resist knock.

20. What Octane Number Should I use in My Vehicle? • Check your owner’s manual. • How Can I stop my Vehicle from Knocking? • Have a mechanic determine whether your engine is in tune. • If it is: Use a gasoline with a higher AKI. • Use after-market deposit control additives. • What Will Happen If I Use the Wrong Octane Gasoline in My Vehicle? • AKI lower than that required by your vehicle: Knock • AKI higher than that required by your vehicle: WASTE OF MONEY.

21. Will Premium Gasoline (93+) Give Better Fuel Economy than Regular? • Premium has a slightly higher heating value than regular. • Thus, provided more power and better fuel economy!!! • The difference is less than 1% better (Does it offset premium’s higher cost?) • The simple answer is : NO! • What Can I Do to Get Better Fuel Economy? • Good Fuel Economy = Good vehicle maintenance + Sensible driving. • Maintenance: Tuned Engine, clean air filter, aligned and balanced front wheels, and tires with correct air pressure. • Sensible Driving: smooth, steady acceleration, not idling the engine when it could be turned off.

22. Are Brands Different? • Yes (Gasoline Additive Packages are Different). • Do I Need to Add an After-market Deposit Control Additive to the Gasoline in My Fuel Tank? • Depends on the quality of the deposit control additive in the gasoline (hard to know). • Add a deposit control every 3000 miles.

24. Safety Tips • Turn Off Engine • Do Not Smoke • Petroleum Equipment Institute is working on a campaign to try and make people aware of fires as a result of "static" at gas pumps. It has researched 150 cases of these fires. Results were very surprising:

25. 1) Out of 150 cases, almost all of them were women. • 2) Most men never get back in their vehicle until completely finished. This is why they are seldom involved in these types of fires. • 3) Almost all cases involved the person getting back in their vehicle while the nozzle was still pumping gas.

26. 4) Don't ever use cell phones when pumping gas. • 5) It is the vapors that come out of the gas that cause the fire, when connected with static charges. • 6) There were 29 fires where the vehicle was reentered and the nozzle was touched during refueling from a variety of makes and models. • 7) Seventeen fires that occurred before, during or immediately after the gas cap was removed and before fueling began. • Source: Petroleum Equipment Institute

27. Environmental Impacts Oil Spills Car Emissions

28. Environmental Impacts • Oil Spills • Almost 14,000 oil spills are reported each year • Most spills are contained by spiller, local and state agencies are available to help • EPA in spills occurring in inland waters • Coast guard lead response team in coastal waters • http://www.epa.gpv/oilspill/response.htm

29. Response Techniques • Mechanical Containment • Booms • Barriers • Skimmers • Sorbent Materials • These are used to contain until oil can be disposed of properly • http://www.epa.gov/oilspill/oiltech.htm

30. Chemical and Biological • Dispersants • Gelling Agents • Used to keep oil from reaching shoreline • Biodegradation • Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and yeast removes oil from aquatic environment • May take years • www.epa.gov/oilspill/bioagnts.htm

31. Other Methods of Clean Up • Physical Methods • Wiping with sorbent • Pressure washing • Raking • Scare Tactics • Used to protect birds and animals • Propane Scare Cans • Dummies, balloons • www.epa.gov/oilspill/oiltech.htm

32. Exxon Valdez • 24 March 1989 • Oil Tanker struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska • 11 million gallons of crude oil were spilled • Largest in US history • Spill posed threats to food chain, which supported commercial fishing industry • www.epa.gov/oilspill/exxon.htm

33. http://www.oilspill.state.ak.us/facts/spillmap.html

34. http://www.oilspill.state.ak.us/facts/photos.html

35. http://www.oilspill.state.ak.us/facts/photos.html

36. Transportation • In 1990 85% of transportation was by highway travel • 50% rise in traveling was offset by a 34% increase in efficiency since 1969 • www.eia.doe.gov/alternate/page/environment/chap3.html

37. Sources and Control of Air Pollution

38. AP-42 • A way to estimate emissions • Published by EPA based upon previous experience Sources and Control of Air Pollution

39. AP-42 and Owners Manual Emissions for Ford Focus

40. How much does my car emit? • Only has 2000-2003 • My car emits 7.9-11.8 lbs of smog per 15,000 miles and scored a 7 • 26/32 • Volkswagen Jetta scored 1 • 43.7-58.8 lbs of smog per 15,000 • 34/45 • Nissan Sentra scored 10 • 0-1 lb of smog per 15,000 • 28/35 • www.epa.gov/autoemissions/allsmcar-02.htm

41. Any Questions ???