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Computer Systems are Different!

This summary explores the evolution of computer systems, highlighting the significance of Moore's Law in advancing integrated circuit technology. It discusses the impressive trajectory of transistor counts, RAM density, and CPU performance, noting the implications for data storage prices. Key milestones are examined, from the introduction of ENIAC in 1946 to the iconic UNIVAC and DEC PDP models, culminating with the Cray-1 supercomputer. It also emphasizes the increasing complexity of software and the pervasive nature of computing in our world.

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Computer Systems are Different!

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  1. Computer Systems are Different! 6.033 Spring 2007

  2. Static discipline • Be tolerant of inputs and strict on outputs

  3. Moore’s law “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics, April 1965

  4. Moore’s Law: # transistors/die doubles every ~18 months

  5. Lithography:the driver behind transistor count • Number of components scales O(n2) with feature size • Switching time scales O(n) with features size • Number of components scale O(n2) with die area

  6. RAM density

  7. CPU performance

  8. Disk: Price per GByte drops at ~30-35% per year

  9. ENIAC • 1st built in 1946 • 80 feet • 20 10-digit registers • 18,000 vacuum tubes • 124,500 watts

  10. Introduced in 1951 46 delivered in all, until 1958 Predicted ’52 election results based on early results (1%) 1,905 ops/sec, at 2.25 Mhz clock 1,000 words of 12 characters No monitor, only typewriter UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

  11. IBM Systems/360 • 1960s • Model 40 • 1.6 Mhz • 32-64 Kilobyte • $225,000

  12. DEC PDP • PDP-8, 1964 • 330,000 adds/s • $16-20K • UNIX introduced on PDP-10

  13. Cray 1: supercomputer • 1976 • Most expensive, fastest, best price/performance ratio • $5-8 Million • 166 Million adds/s • 32 Mbyte

  14. Apple II • 1977 • 6502 microprocessor • 4 to 48 Kilobyte

  15. IBM’s wrist watch • 2001 • Linux and X11 • 19Mhz ARM • 8 Megabyte flash • 8 Megabyte DRAM

  16. Software system complexity Millions of lines of source code

  17. Computing is everywhere! Projected to be 1B in 2005! Millions

  18. Internet hosts (names) with time:~40% per year

  19. Number Crunching Data Storage productivity interactive People-to-computer ratio with time log (people per computer) streaming information to/from physical world year Slide from David Culler, UC Berkeley

  20. Speed of light(0% per year) Latency improves slowly Moore’s law (~70% per year) Improvement wrt year #1 DRAM access latency (~7% per year) Year #

  21. Incommensurate doubling

  22. Fabrication is expensive

  23. Heat is a problem

  24. Cache 70°C Temp (oC) Execution core Integer & FP ALUs 120oC Itanium Temperature Plot [ Source: Intel ]

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