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Understanding Genetic Engineering: DNA Manipulation and Its Applications

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lavanya-bimal
31 diapositives · 447 Views · Nov 14, 2014

Genetic engineering involves manipulating DNA within living cells to alter the characteristics of organisms. Scientists utilize techniques such as restriction enzymes to cut DNA, gel electrophoresis for sorting, and DNA fingerprinting for analysis. Through selective breeding, desired traits in plants and animals are enhanced over decades. Notable genetic conditions like Down syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, and Klinefelter’s syndrome are also associated with chromosomal abnormalities. The Human Genome Project has mapped human DNA, paving the way for advancements in gene therapy and the creation of transgenic organisms for medical and agricultural purposes.

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  1. Genetic Engineering:How and why scientists manipulate DNA in living cells http://farm3.static.flickr.com

  2. Karyotype • chart of chromosome pairs used to identify unusual #s of chromosomes • **Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) – 3 chrom. at pair 21 • Turner’s syndrome – only one X – sterile female XO • Klinefelter’s syndrome – extra X (male:XXY-sterile)

  3. Karyotype http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/Down.gif

  4. http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_04_img0412.jpg

  5. Nondisjunction – causes these unusual #s of chromosomes; chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis http://www.medgen.ubc.ca/wrobinson/backup/mosaic/images/nondis_m2.gif

  6. http://www.ratsteachgenetics.com/Genetics_quizzes/Lecture%207/7q1.jpghttp://www.ratsteachgenetics.com/Genetics_quizzes/Lecture%207/7q1.jpg

  7. Selective breeding • We choose desired traits & breed plants and animals to have these traits *Takes decades • Examples: popcorn, dog breeds, cows produce 3x more milk than 50 years ago, bigger peaches, apple varieties http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/02_02/CaulliDM_468x518.jpg

  8. Selective breeding – 2 methods • 1. Hybridization – cross dissimilar individuals to bring together best traits • Ex. Crossing disease-resistant apple with high yield apple = apple tree that produces a lot and requires less pesticides http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_02_img0235.jpg

  9. 2. Inbreeding – done to maintain traits • *because genetics are so close, often allows expression of recessive allele • Study revealed that 20,000 boxers genetically look like 70 -deaf dalmations & white boxers, heart disease, hip dysplasia http://www.boxerbuddies.org/Boxer%20Info/oscar10.jpg

  10. Test cross • A way of determining genotype • Cross a known individual - (homozygous recessive) with an unknown – homozygous dominant or heterozygous If unknown is homozygous dominant, all offspring will show dominant trait If unknown is heterozygous, some will show dominant trait, some show recessive trait Complete Problem Solving Lab 13.1 p.339 http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2023/2503367977_4a5dc2345a.jpg?v=0

  11. Manipulating DNA

  12. 1. Cut DNA: Restriction enzymes • DNA is too large to be analyzed • Highly specific restriction enzymes from bacteria cut DNA into precise pieces between certain base pairs • Ex. EcoRI can only recognize GAATTC – it cuts between the G and A • Leaves “sticky ends” – single-stranded overhangs used to bond “stick” to another DNA stand cut with the same restriction enzyme • Practice p.343

  13. Restriction enzymes http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/ge/m6/s1/assets/images/gem6s1_1.jpg

  14. 2. Sort DNA: Gel Electrophoresis 3. Result: DNA fingerprint 1.Insert restriction-enzyme-cut DNA into gel 2. Add electricity. Shorter fragments move farther p. 346 http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/c7.20.8.electrophoresis.jpg

  15. 3. Analyze DNA: DNA fingerprinting *Sample from blood, hair, skin, semen *Use PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to make more http://dnamazing.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/dnabasics2.JPG

  16. Can you match the evidence with the suspect? PS lab 13.3 p.353 http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t235/T235690A.jpg

  17. Human Genome Project (1990-2003) *Sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identified all human genes. *Used to determine carriers for diseases & develop gene therapy http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Press/gfx/030414_hgp_300.jpg

  18. Product of Human Genome: chromosome maps http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/maderbiology7/graphics/mader07b/online_vrl/images/0287l.jpg

  19. Genetic engineering: faster than selective breeding. Cut DNA from one organism, insert into another. Recombinant DNA: combining DNA from different sources http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/Genetics/images/dnatech/bx15_01.jpg

  20. Transgenic organisms • Contain genes from other species • Insert recombinant DNA into a new host • Use plasmid – circle of DNA in bacteria • Insert recombinant DNA into plasmid, reinsert plasmid into bacteria- bacteria clones DNA as it divides (mitosis); get lots of copies of DNA • Used to produce insulin to treat diabetes, human growth hormone, blood-clotting factors for hemophiliacs, potentially even cancer-fighting molecules (interleukin-2 and interferon)

  21. Recombinant bacteria manufacture insulin http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/c7.20.4.insulin.jpg

  22. http://www.e-ishraq.com/v4/images/6_3.gif

  23. Uses a single somatic cell from an adult organism to grow an entirely new genetically identical organism Cloning http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/cloning-sheep.gif

  24. Uses of transgenic animals • Insert spider genes into cells of lactating goats – manufacture silk along with milk = light, tough, flexible material  military uniforms, medical sutures • 30% of US milk produced by genetically modified (GM) cows • Pigs GM to produce high levels of lean meat http://www.scienceprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/goat_591.jpg

  25. Transgenic plants: Golden Rice – GM to have high levels of beta-carotene – essential for health, eye sight http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/GoldenRice-WhiteRice.jpg/800px-GoldenRice-WhiteRice.jpg http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/GENOMICS/2008/Waters/TIME.jpg

  26. Gene therapy • Absent or faulty genes replaced by normal working genes – allows body to make proteins or enzymes needed, eliminating disorder • Used to treat SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome) • Trials for sickle-cell, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia treatments are going on now

  27. http://library.thinkquest.org/28000/media/genetherapy/l_gene.therapy-ms.gifhttp://library.thinkquest.org/28000/media/genetherapy/l_gene.therapy-ms.gif

  28. Future possibilities? http://ec1.images-amazon.com/images/I/51EbEYn8hAL.jpg

  29. Implications? Ethical issues? • Patenting life • Genetic ownership • GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act) passed in 2008 • Protects Americans against discrimination from employers or insurance companies based on genetic information

  30. http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/64/47664-004-7088EE3D.jpghttp://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/64/47664-004-7088EE3D.jpg