Think about… 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 22.2 Site of respiration 22.3 Aerobic respiration

2. Think about… 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 22.2 Site of respiration 22.3 Aerobic respiration 22.4 Anaerobic respiration 22.5 Relationship between respiration and photosynthesis Recall ‘Think about…’ Summary concept map

3. A fuel for your body and your car Food like corn can provide energy for the body.

4. A fuel for your body and your car The sugar in it can also undergo fermentation (發酵) to produce an alcohol.

5. A fuel for your body and your car The alcohol can be used as a fuel to power vehicles.

6. A fuel for your body and your car This ‘biofuel’ (生物燃料) releases less air pollutants upon burning.

7. 1 How does our body obtain energy from the food we eat

8. 2 How is alcohol produced from corn by fermentation

9. 3 The sugar in corn is made by photosynthesis. What is the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis

10. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration?

11. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • when food is burnt, it reacts with oxygen (oxidation 氧化): heat light O2 CO2 + H2O glucose

12. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • when food is burnt, it reacts with oxygen (oxidation 氧化): - one step reaction - takes place anywhere - no enzyme involved - fast and violent reaction

13. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • when food is burnt, it reacts with oxygen (oxidation 氧化): - all stored energy is released at once - energy is released in the forms of heat and light

14. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • the large amount of heat released in burning kills living cells organisms undergo respiration (呼吸作用) the process by which organisms release energy from food through the controlled oxidative breakdown of food

15. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • glucose is the most common substrate heat ATP O2 CO2 + H2O glucose (in the cell)

16. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • respiration: - a series of reactions - takes place in all living cells all the time - controlled by many enzymes - slow and gradual reactions

17. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • respiration: - stored energy is released gradually - energy released is used to form ATP while some is lost as heat

18. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • overall equation: glucose CO2 H2O energy O2 enzymes

19. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is the role of ATP? • as energy carrier energy released from respiration ATP phosphorylation (磷酸化) ADP P

20. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is the role of ATP? • as energy carrier energy released from respiration releases energy to cells ATP breakdown ADP P

21. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is the role of ATP? • ATP releases energy for metabolic activities: - cell division - muscle contraction - transmission of nerve impulse

22. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is the role of ATP? • ATP releases energy for metabolic activities: - synthesis of biomolecules protein amino acids - absorption of food molecules or minerals by active transport

23. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration Types of respiration 1 Aerobic respiration (需氧呼吸) • requires oxygen • glucose is completely broken down • a large amount of energy is released

24. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration Types of respiration 2 Anaerobic respiration (缺氧呼吸) • does not require oxygen • glucose is only partly broken down • much less energy is released • products are different from aerobic respiration

25. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 1 Respiration is the process by which organisms release chemical from food through the controlled oxidative breakdown of energy . food

26. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2a Similarities between burning and respiration: i Both are an process. oxidative

27. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2a Similarities between burning and respiration: ii Both need . oxygen

28. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2a Similarities between burning and respiration: iii Carbon dioxide and are produced. water

29. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2b Differences between burning and respiration: i Burning is a one-step reaction, while respiration is a series of reactions.

30. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2b Differences between burning and respiration: ii Burning takes place anywhere while respiration takes place only inside . cells

31. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2b Differences between burning and respiration: iii Burning involves enzymes no while respiration is controlled by many enzymes.

32. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2b Differences between burning and respiration: iv Burning is a fast and reaction while respiration is a slow and reaction. violent gradual

33. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2b Differences between burning and respiration: v In burning, stored energy is released while in respiration, stored energy is released . at once gradually

34. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 2b Differences between burning and respiration: vi In burning, energy is released in the forms of heat and while in respiration, energy released is used to form light ATP while some is lost as . heat

35. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 3 ATP acts as an . When it breaks down into and a group, energy is released and is readily usable by energy carrier ADP phosphate cells for . metabolic activities

36. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 4a Aerobic respiration requires . Glucose is completely broken down into oxygen carbon dioxide and . A amount of energy is released. large water

37. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration 4b respiration does not require oxygen. Glucose is partly broken down. Much energy is released and different products are formed. Anaerobic less

38. 22.2 Site of respiration • some reactions occur in the cytoplasm, some in the mitochondria

39. 22.2 Sites of respiration Adaptive features of a mitochondrion 3D model • bound by a double membrane • outer membrane controls the movement of substances outer membrane

40. 22.2 Sites of respiration Adaptive features of a mitochondrion • inner membrane is highly folded provides a large surface area to pack more enzymes inner membrane

41. 22.2 Sites of respiration Adaptive features of a mitochondrion • mitochondrial matrix (基質)provides a fluid medium for reactions to take place • it also contains enzymes mitochondrial matrix

42. 22.2 Sites of respiration Adaptive features of a mitochondrion • most energy in food is released inside mitochondria  active cells contain many mitochondria muscle cells

43. 22.2 Sites of respiration 22.1 Examination of the structure of mitochondria 1 Examine the photomicrograph or live cell image of a mitochondrion.

44. 22.2 Sites of respiration 22.1 Examination of the structure of mitochondria 2 Identify various structures of the mitochondrion and draw a high power diagram.

45. 22.2 Sites of respiration 1 Some reactions of respiration occur in the and some in the . cytoplasm mitochondria

46. 22.2 Sites of respiration 2Structure of a mitochondrion adapted to respiration: a The inner membrane is highly folded provides a large surface area to pack more that catalyse the reactions of respiration enzymes

47. 22.2 Sites of respiration 2Structure of a mitochondrion adapted to respiration: b There is mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes for respiration

48. 22.2 Sites of respiration 2Structure of a mitochondrion adapted to respiration: b There is mitochondrial matrix provides a medium for reactions to take place fluid

49. 22.3 Aerobic respiration • takes place in the presence of oxygen • three stages: glycolysis (糖酵解) Krebs cycle (克雷伯氏循環) oxidative phosphorylation (氧化磷酸化)

50. 22.3 Aerobic respiration Glycolysis • occurs in the cytoplasm • does not require oxygen • two main steps: 1 Breakdown of glucose to triose phosphate 2 Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate (丙酮酸鹽)