1. College Notes UNIT 3 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. The Industrial Revolution was… A Shift from an Agricultural to an Industrial society.

3. Agricultural Industrial

4. CAUSE #1: Growing Urban Population Two factors that contributed to a growing Urban population were: • Immigration from Southern & Eastern Europe • Rural-to-urban migration = cheap labor for factory work

5. What area did most immigrants come from after 1800?

6. Rural to Urban Migration

7. Cities Grew Rapidly • 1. Near raw materials (Northeast) • 2.Near Industrial areas • 3. Near transportation routes • 4. Near opportunities in the job market • 5. Near access to seaports But There were Terrible Conditions in the Cities • Poor sanitation and living conditions • Tenement apartments • Sweathouses

8. Expansion of Cities • Railroads linked towns that were formerly isolated. • Cities specialized in products that they could sell in order to make money. • Inventions such as electric streetcars, suburban railroads or skyscrapers met the new needs of the cities.

9. Urban Living Conditions

10. GhettosMulberry Bend, New York, Jacob Riis • Urban neighborhoods dominated by one ethnic or racial group of immigrants were called ghettos. • Some ghettos formed because immigrants felt more comfortable living near people with the same language and traditions.

11. Working Families • In the 1880s, children made up more than 5 percentof the industrial labor force. • Children often left school at the age of 12 or 13 to work. • Girls sometimes took factory jobs so that their brothers could stay in school. • If an adult became too ill to work, children as young as 6 or 7 had to work. • Rarely did the government provide public assistance, and unemployment insurance didn’t exist. • The theory of Social Darwinism held that poverty resulted from personal weakness. • People had no choice but to work for a small hourly wage- “wage slavery”

12. THE CONDITIONS OF WORKERS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY GENERAL WORKING CONDITIONS • 12 or more hours / 6 days a week • 4000 hours a year (about 2000 today) • No vacation or sick leave • No unemployment compensation • No reimbursement for injuries

13. THE CONDITIONS OF WORKERS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY WAGES (Payment) = Concentration of wealth in the hands of a few industrialists! • So low that all members of the family worked • Child--$0.27 a day for 14 hours ($5 today) • Woman--$269 a year ($4,500 today) • Men--$498 a year ($8,330 today) • Carnegie (a steel monopoly owner)--$23 million a year ($425 million today)

14. THE CONDITIONS OF WORKERS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY GENERAL FACTORY CONDITIONS • Dirty and poorly ventilated • Poorly lit and never heated or cooled • Dangerous and faulty equipment • Repetitive and mind numbing work • made accidents common

15. Examine the following photos closely. How do these photos show the problems with working conditions during the Second Industrial Revolution 1865-1920? Why do you think they were taken?

17. Child Labor-Some of the Helpers in a Georgia Cotton Mill

18. Child Coal Miners

19. Status Change Take 2 minutes to stretch and get ready to discuss the second cause of the Industrial Revolution

20. CAUSE #2 – Advances in Technology and Innovations 1869 – completion of the transcontinental railroad

21. CAUSE #2 – Advances in Technology and Innovations • Samuel F. B. Morse invented the TELEGRAPH • Developed in 1838 with code • First message sent in 1844

22. CAUSE #2 – Advances in Technology and Innovations 1856-Bessemer Process Turning IRON INTO -> STEEL Taking the impurities out of the iron and turning it into steel

23. CAUSE #2 – Advances in Technology and Innovations • 1876- Alexander Graham Bell developed the Telephone

24. CAUSE #2 – Advances in Technology and Innovations • 1880- Thomas Edison developed the light bulb

25. CAUSE #3: Abundance of Natural Resources • The United States had a large amount of oil, iron, and coal, which were profitable resources that generated (created) a lot of money.

27. Exit-Ticket • Please complete the multiple choice questions on the worksheet individually! • Use the side of the paper with notes to help you answer the questions.