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Middle Ages

Middle Ages. SOL WHI.9. Middle Ages. One thing to keep in mind is that the Middle Ages is also called Medieval period Lasted from about 500 to the mid 1400s. Lets take a step back. As the Roman Empire Collapsed, the Western part really didn’t have a unifying government

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Middle Ages

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  1. Middle Ages SOL WHI.9

  2. Middle Ages • One thing to keep in mind is that the Middle Ages is also called Medieval period • Lasted from about 500 to the mid 1400s

  3. Lets take a step back.. • As the Roman Empire Collapsed, the Western part really didn’t have a unifying government • In other words…Western Europe was a mess

  4. Result of Mess • Political systems started to emerge • Feudalism and manorialism • Based on powerful lords and landownership • Along with this a strict social hierarchy existed • The Christian Church became the unifying force in Western Europe • The church influenced not only religious life but economic and social aspects as well. • Conditions began to improve and a new civilization based on Greco-Roman and Christian ideas

  5. Geography • The development of Europe was based on the Geography… • The location determined WHO lived there and WHO would rule

  6. location • Parts of Great Britain, Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and other areas of Eastern Europe had been within the Roman empire • Road system allowed Roman and Christian culture to spread throughout Europe • Rome’s rule ended with the invasion of Germanic tribes from ~400 to ~700

  7. Natural Resources • Forests and Fertile Soil • Northern Europe had thick forests with valuable timber • Rich soil for growing crops • Minerals such as iron and clay was under ground • Seas and Rivers • People used the seas and oceans for transportation and food • Also used rivers in Europe for the same purpose

  8. Christianity in the Middle Ages WHI.9a

  9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdA8DMISJ1o

  10. The Church • The Church split into two.. Which Church was in the East? Which Church was in the West? • The Roman Catholic Church became the main unifying source in the West • Provided religious leadership as well as secular, or worldly, leadership • Played a key role in preserving learning

  11. The Church • Remember the lay out of the Church… • At the top was the Pope • Next it was archbishops • Then bishops • And lastly priests(the one who was closer to the everyday people)

  12. The Church • The Main responsibility of the church was to serve the spiritual needs of the society • Priests instituted faith in the towns people • The church taught in order to escape hell, you needed to take part in sacraments (sacred spiritual rituals

  13. Influence of Roman Catholic Church • As Secular Authority (non religious authority) began to decline, Church authority began to grow • The church became the largest landowner In Europe therefore it had great Economic power • Gained wealth through taxing (tithe) Christians… Christians were expected to pay 10% of income http://illuminations.nctm.org/ActivityDetail.aspx?id=33

  14. Influence of Church • Had its own set of laws called canon law • Church claimed authority over Rulers • Most kings or emperors did not recognize this authority……lead to conflicts • Pope believed they had more authority than the kings

  15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnKbPj7EhCg

  16. Influence of Church • Monks • Men and women became monks or nuns (left worldly society to live life devoted to God) • Monasteries • Community where men and women focused on Christian goals (took vows of celibacy, obedience, or purity) Also took vow of poverty

  17. Influences of the church • Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural Achievements • Translated documents • Created Illuminated Scripts • Missionaries • Not all monks stayed in Monasteries • Some left to spread Christianity • Took with them Latin to Germanic Tribes • Blended Latin with different languages to form today’s Spanish and French • St. Paul and St. Augustine were two missionaries

  18. Important influences • Roman authority declined, while church authority grew. • Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements. • Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes. • Pope anointed Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in 800 AD • Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people.

  19. Medieval Society • Foundations of early medieval society • Classical heritage of Rome • Christian beliefs • Customs of Germanic tribes

  20. Feudalism and Manorial System WHI.9b

  21. In the Early Middle Ages, Kings and Kingdoms were too weak to keep out invaders.. • Ex: Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims • Result…. • People started to move out of towns and cities and settled into the countryside for protection • So with promise for military help=land grants

  22. Feudal System • Feudalism was based on rights and obligations in exchange for protection and other services

  23. Feudalism • This system starts of with a LORD (NOBLES) • These guys were the landowners • They divided their land in estates called Fiefs • The fiefs were given to the lesser lords called Vassals • Vassals pledged their allegiance and military support for their lords for this land

  24. Feudalism • Due to the many conflicts in Medieval Europe their was a need for protection…. This created a need for people to become knights • Knights • Lowest and most numerous group of nobles • Constituted the bulk of feudal armies • Only men could be knights

  25. Feudalism • At the very bottom of this system were the peasants • The people worked the fields were known as Peasants • Most peasants were called Serfs • Serfs were not allowed to leave the place where they were born (NOT SLAVES) • What their labor produced did belong to the lord

  26. Social Classes • 3 groups • Nobles and Knights • People of the Church • Peasants • Social class usually Inherited

  27. Social class • Women played an active role in feudal society • She was in charge of the estate while her husband was away fighting for his Lord • She was responsible for all household responsibilities (raising children) • Women did have little inheritance since most possessions went to the eldest son.

  28. Manorialism • The basis for medieval economy • Located around the lord’s manor (estate) • Manors included one or more villages and the land surrounding them • In the manorial system each group we talked about had a place

  29. Manorial Society • Life on a manor was largely self- sufficient • Serfs and peasants produced almost every thing that they needed • Ex: grain, milk, cloth, and timber • In return they received protection from their lord

  30. The Frankish Kingdom / Age of Charlemagne SOL: WHI.9c

  31. The Germanic Tribes that took over Rome were farmers, warriors, and herders. • They had different cultures than that of the Roman Empire they had taken over. • Germanic Tribes were governed by an unwritten laws and customs • Ruled by elected kings

  32. Emergence of the Franks • From the 5th century to about the 8th century tribes fought and divided Europe • As this was going on, the Franks became the most powerful and successful tribe (Located in Gaul or modern day France

  33. Clovis • In the late 5th Century, a man named Clovis was a Frankish warrior who defeated Roman armies in Gaul • He wanted to rule all of Gaul • He removed all possible Frankish rivals • Subdued other Germanic tribes in Gaul • Converted the Franks to Catholic Christianity • Gained a powerful ally in the Church

  34. Charles Martel • Battle of Tour • Muslims worked to move into France • Martel led Frankish army to defeat the Arabs at the Battle of Tours • This ended Muslim advancement into Christian Europe

  35. Pepin • Gained control in 741 • Ten years later became King • Important because he drove the Lombards out of central Italy and gave their land to the Pope • Known as the Donation of Pepin • THE CHURCH NOW HAD POLITICAL CONTOL OVER PART OF CENTRAL ITALY • Called the Papal States (ruled for over 1,000 years)

  36. Charlemagne • 768- succeeded the throne after his father Pepin died • The Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe----stretched across modern day Germany, France and Italy

  37. Charlemagne • Conquests • Spent many summers conquering land in Italy, Spain, Bohemia, and Germany • Effects of Conquests • Increased power of Catholic Church • Ended attacks on the Papal Sates • Converted pagans to Catholicism • Expanded Frankish realm (similar to that of the Roman Empire

  38. Charlemagne • Pope Leo III was attacked by an unruly mob in 800 • He called Charlemagne to help and Charlemagne crushed the mob • In gratitude Pope Leo III crowned him “Roman Emperor” on Christmas Day • The crowning signaled the joining of Germanic Power, the Church, and the Roman Empire

  39. Charlemagne • He worked hard with the Church to spread Christianity to the far ends of his empire • Charlemagne also encouraged learning • He set up a school to ensure the education of government officials • He also established libraries where scholars copied ancient texts, including the Bible and texts of science and history written in Latin

  40. Life after Charlemagne • Died in 814 • The Empire experienced years of civil war (weak leaders) • Treaty of Verdun • Divided the territory between his three grandsons • His strong government was a model for future medieval rulers • He also helped spread Christianity to northern Europe

  41. Migratory Invaders WHI. 6d

  42. The whole purpose of the knights was to protect the land and ladies. • Invaders came into every part of modern day Europe in an attempt to expand their empires/ land. • These invaders settled into various areas of Europe; bringing their culture, customs, and values into conflict with the political, economic, and social structures of Europe

  43. Areas of Settlement • Angles and Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England • Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary • Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia

  44. Influences of Invaders • Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system • Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened.

  45. Recap • Who invaded Western Europe? • How did the invasions by these groups influence the development of Europe?

  46. Cultural Achievements

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