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Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions

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Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions. Statistics. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions. Statistics Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.

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Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions
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  1. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions

  2. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions • Statistics

  3. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions • Statistics • Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.

  4. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions • Statistics • Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. • Two main branches of statistics assist your decisions in different ways.

  5. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions • Statistics • Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. • Two main branches of statistics assist your decisions in different ways. • Descriptive Statistics

  6. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions • Statistics • Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. • Two main branches of statistics assist your decisions in different ways. • Descriptive Statistics • Descriptive statistics are used to summarize any set of numbers so you can understand and talk about them more intelligibly.

  7. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions • Statistics • Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. • Two main branches of statistics assist your decisions in different ways. • Descriptive Statistics • Inferential Statistics

  8. Chapter Eight: Using Statistics to Answer Questions • Statistics • Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. • Two main branches of statistics assist your decisions in different ways. • Descriptive Statistics • Inferential Statistics • Inferential statistics are used to analyze data after you have conducted an experiment to determine whether your independent variable had a significant effect.

  9. Descriptive Statistics • We use descriptive statistics when we want to summarize a set or distribution of numbers in order to communicate their essential characteristics.

  10. Descriptive Statistics • We use descriptive statistics when we want to summarize a set or distribution of numbers in order to communicate their essential characteristics. • One of these essential characteristics is a measure of the typical or representative score, called a measure of central tendency.

  11. Descriptive Statistics • We use descriptive statistics when we want to summarize a set or distribution of numbers in order to communicate their essential characteristics. • One of these essential characteristics is a measure of the typical or representative score, called a measure of central tendency. • A second essential characteristic that we need to know about a distribution is how much variability or spread exists in the scores.

  12. Scales of Measurement • Measurement

  13. Scales of Measurement • Measurement • The assignment of symbols to events according to a set of rules.

  14. Scales of Measurement • Measurement • The assignment of symbols to events according to a set of rules. • Scale of measurement • A set of measurement rules

  15. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale

  16. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale • A scale of measurement in which events are assigned to categories.

  17. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale • A scale of measurement in which events are assigned to categories. • Ordinal Scale

  18. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale • Ordinal Scale • A scale of measurement that permits events to be rank ordered.

  19. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale • Ordinal Scale • Interval Scale

  20. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale • Ordinal Scale • Interval Scale • A scale of measurement that permits rank ordering of events with the assumption of equal intervals between adjacent events.

  21. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale • Ordinal Scale • Interval Scale • Ratio Scale

  22. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale • Ordinal Scale • Interval Scale • Ratio Scale • A scale of measurement that permits rank ordering of events with the assumption of equal intervals between adjacent events and a true zero point.

  23. Measures of Central Tendency • Mode

  24. Measures of Central Tendency • Mode • The score in a distribution that occurs most often.

  25. Measures of Central Tendency • Mode • The score in a distribution that occurs most often. • Median

  26. Measures of Central Tendency • Mode • The score in a distribution that occurs most often. • Median • The number that divides a distribution in half.

  27. Measures of Central Tendency • Mode • The score in a distribution that occurs most often. • Median • The number that divides a distribution in half. • Mean

  28. Measures of Central Tendency • Mode • The score in a distribution that occurs most often. • Median • The number that divides a distribution in half. • Mean • The arithmetic average of a set of numbers. It is found by adding all the scores in a set and then dividing by the number of scores.

  29. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart

  30. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Graphical representation of the percentage allocated to each alternative as a slice of a circular pie.

  31. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Histogram

  32. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Histogram • A graph in which the frequency for each category of a quantitative variable is represented as a vertical column that touches the adjacent column.

  33. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Histogram • Bar Graph

  34. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Histogram • Bar Graph • A graph in which the frequency for each category of a qualitative variable is represented as a vertical column. The columns of a bar graph do not touch.

  35. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Histogram • Bar Graph • Frequency Polygon

  36. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Histogram • Bar Graph • Frequency Polygon • A graph that is constructed by placing a dot in the center of each bar of a histogram and then connecting the dots.

  37. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Histogram • Bar Graph • Frequency Polygon • Line Graph

  38. Graphing Your Results • Pie Chart • Histogram • Bar Graph • Frequency Polygon • Line Graph • A graph that is frequently used to depict the results of an experiment. The vertical or y axis is known as the ordinate and the horizontal or x axis is known as the abscissa.

  39. Calculating and Computing Statistics • You can find statistical formulas in Appendix B of your text.

  40. Calculating and Computing Statistics • You can find statistical formulas in Appendix B of your text. • All statistical formulas merely require addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and finding square roots.

  41. Calculating and Computing Statistics • You can find statistical formulas in Appendix B of your text. • All statistical formulas merely require addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and finding square roots. • Your department may have access to some standard statistical packages such as SPSS, SAS, BMD, Minitab, etc.

  42. Measure of Variability • Variability

  43. Measure of Variability • Variability • Range

  44. Measures of Variability • Variability • Range • A measure of variability that is computed by subtracting the smallest score from the largest score.

  45. Measures of Variability • Variability • Range • Variance

  46. Measures of Variability • Variability • Range • Variance • A single number that represents the total amount of variation in a distribution.

  47. Measures of Variability • Variability • Range • Variance • Standard Deviation

  48. Measures of Variability • Variability • Range • Variance • Standard Deviation • The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. It has important relations to the normal curve.

  49. Measures of Variability • Normal distribution

  50. Measures of Variability • Normal distribution • A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution having half the scores above the mean and half the scores below the mean.