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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. reconstruction & the new south. 4:1 presidential reconstruction. South was destroyed phys & econ in CW 4 million freed slaves w/o homes & $$, but were hopeful for a new life w/ choice & options

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 reconstruction & the new south

  2. 4:1 presidential reconstruction • South was destroyed phys & econ in CW • 4 million freed slaves w/o homes & $$, but were hopeful for a new life w/ choice & options • Reconstruction- rebuilding Confed. states & reuniting nation (foldable for Lincoln/Congress/Johnson) • Black Codes- Keep AA from getting social, pol, econ equality • limit travel, couldn’t own weapons, couldn’t go to white schools, not serve on juries, limited jobs • kids could be taken from parents w/o notice if judge felt they couldn’t support them—forced to work through contract • N hated S actions at attempting to have slavery w/ a new name

  3. FOLDABLE LINCOLN CONGRESS JOHNSON • Amnesty? • Loyalty & Readmission? • How many? • April 14, 1865? Trust? How many to reenter the Union? Pardons? Readmission to Union? Former leaders of the South?

  4. 4:2 Congressional Reconstruction • Frederick Douglass- A/A demanded the rt to vote for ALL A/A • born slave, later sent to Baltimore to take care of child where wife taught him to read/write • later sent to new plantation, & planned escapes • made it to NY & became writer & political advisor • Some politicians thought that lg plantations should be split & land given to freedmen • little support from govt, but A/A believed the rumors • Freedman’s Bureau- helped millions of S. w/ food, clothing, jobs, hospitals, schools, etc • N teachers came to educ., several A/A colleges formed in S (Howard) • encouraged A/A to stay in jobs, regardless of treatment • later ended b/c was never meant to take care of them forever

  5. 4:2 Congressional Reconstruction, cont. • Civil Rts of 1866- act that gave all AA full civil rts BUT not voting • Vetoed by Johnson, Congress over rode • Pres. Johnson loses supt, rewrite Freedman’s Bureau Bill—with same result! • 14th Amend.- grant citizenship to all AA & all people born or naturalized in the US • life, liberty, property w/o due process of law • ALL citizens had = protection • still no voting rts though (affected representation)

  6. 4:2 Congressional Reconstruction, cont. • Reconst. Act of 1867- divided Confederacy into 5 military dist. w/ Union troops (except Tenn) • Must ratify 14th Amend. & guarantee ALL men the rt to vote • Impeachment- Congress impeached Johnson b/c he removed Sec. of War Edwin Stanton w/o Senate approval • violate Tenure of Office Act, scandalous speeches, disgrace to Congress • trial has extreme public opinion turned against Republicans for their attack on Johnson • split pol. parties, 1 vote shy of 2/3 to remove from office • Johnson’s power was gone

  7. 4:2 Congressional Reconstruction, cont. • Election of 1868: • Radical Repub: Ulysses S. Grant (war hero) • Dem: Horatio Seymour (criticized Lincoln & spoke out for white supremacy) • Dem. tried to threaten AA to NOT vote for Rep. but it didn’t work b/c they helped to FREE them! • 15th Amend: Right to vote, regardless of race (1870) • didn’t prevent states from limiting AA from holding office or voting—and still NO women!

  8. 4:3 Reconstruction in the south • AA became more inv. in pol. (state govt, US Congress) • Repub. wanted to rebuild S & improve cond. for all (espec. poor white farmers & AA) • guarantee all white & AA men the right to vote • abolished property req. • draft new state const. to include more = rts • increase taxes, to increase services (rds, schools, etc) • Ku Klux Klan (KKK) secret terrorist group of angry white Southerners • GOAL: prevent AA from voting, destroy Rep party, scare AA pol. leaders • beat/killed 1,000s of AA that they felt were too succesful • burned homes, churches, etc to scare AA from S.

  9. 4:3 Reconstruction in the south • Response to KKK: when voices/physcharac. are recognized, barns/homes/etc would be burned for revenge • AA used group defense & asked govt for help • Enforcement Acts: combat terrorism w/ military force & prosecution • Panic of 1873: econ depression b/c of strike threats, needed relief for farmers • Rep. dropped idea for univ. suffrage b/c many immigrants now in US (didn’t want to incl them) • Dem gained majority in Congress w/ promises of lowering taxes & white supremacy attitudes

  10. 4:3 Reconstruction in the south • Election of 1876: controversial elect. • Dem. nominated Tilden • Rep. nominated Hayes (from OH) • Tilden won pop. vote, Hayes won electoral vote • 4 states challenged results: Hayes won elect. & repub. agreed to w/ draw troops from S • Redeemers: Dem. that rewrote many state const. & overturned many Recon. govtchgs

  11. 4:4 The new south • Sharecropping: lg landowners allowed farmers to work a pc of land in return for place to live & share of harvest • poor, white Southerners & most AA • had little to 0 $$, & used credit for supplies (CROP-LIEN) • S grew so much cotton, had to import food & animal feed from N • Industrial Growth: slow, many bel. that 1 crop Ag kept S down • started to inc$ for factories w/ N & GB investors • rebuilt RR lines • owners made big $, workers made little $ • wrkrs had to get goods from company stores & live in company homes b/c so little $

  12. 4:4 The new south • Jim Crow Laws: laws to keep AA down • poll taxes, threats, lit. tests (even literate AA failed bc decided by white officials) • segregation: sep. races (RR cars, schools, parks, cemetaries, etc.) • Plessy vs. Ferguson: 1896- AA (Homer Plessy) was denied a seat in a 1st class RR car • Supreme Ct deemed SEPARATE BUT EQUAL is ok • 1 justice claimed that the Const. was colorblind • AA Life: mid class was growing • drs, lawyers, teachers, govt. officials, etc • churches grew RAPIDLY • some bought lgamt of land, some bought land w/ cooperatives • coops even began a tax system to take care of young & old that couldn’t take care of self • carpentry, ship building, etc • sm business (goods & services)

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