1. The Human Eye Physics project T2

2. The Human Eye • The human eye is an organ which reacts to light for several purposes

3. General properties • The eye is not properly a sphere, rather it is a fused two-piece unit. • The smaller frontal unit, more curved, called the cornea is linked to the larger unit called the sclera. • The corneal segment is typically about 8 mm (0.3 in) in radius. • . The sclerotic chamber constitutes the remaining five-sixths; its radius is typically about 12 mm.

4. General properties • The cornea and sclera are connected by a ring called the limbos. • The iris – the color of the eye – and its black center, the pupil, are seen instead of the cornea due to the cornea's transparency. • To see inside the eye, an ophthalmoscope is needed, since light is not reflected out. • The fundus (area opposite the pupil) shows the characteristic pale optic disk (papilla), where vessels entering the eye pass across and optic nerve fibers depart the globe.

5. Eye movement • The visual system in the brain is too slow to process information if the images are slipping across the retina at more than a few degrees per second.[50] Thus, for humans to be able to see while moving, the brain must compensate for the motion of the head by turning the eyes. • Another complication for vision in frontal-eyed animals is the development of a small area of the retina with a very high visual acuity.

6. Eye movement • This area is called the fovea centralis, and covers about 2 degrees of visual angle in people. • To get a clear view of the world, the brain must turn the eyes so that the image of the object of regard falls on the fovea. • Eye movements are thus very important for visual perception, and any failure to make them correctly can lead to serious visual disabilities. • Having two eyes is an added complication, because the brain must point both of them accurately enough that the object of regard falls on corresponding points of the two retinas; otherwise, double vision would occur.

7. Eye color

8. Eye color • In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black, depending on the concentration of melanin in the iris pigment epithelium (located the back of the iris), the melanin content within the iris stroma (located at the front of the iris), and the cellular density of the stroma. • The appearance of blue, green, and hazel eyes results from the Rayleigh scattering of light in the stroma, a phenomenon similar to that which accounts for the blueness of the sky.

9. Eye color • Neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or ocular fluid. • Eye color is thus an instance of structural color and varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes. • The brightly colored eyes of many bird species result from the presence of other pigments, such as pteridines, purines, and carotenoids • Humans and other animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color.

10. This project done by: Sultan M Alhosani The research by: Abdulla I Alhammadi