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Greece. Unit 6. Geography. In southeastern Europe. It is a peninsula. Contains mountains, with many gulfs and bays. Forests also fill some areas of Greece. Much of Greece is rocky. Some areas are suitable for growing wheat, barley, citrus, and olives. 3 Geographic Regions.
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Greece Unit 6
Geography • In southeastern Europe. • It is a peninsula. • Contains mountains, with many gulfs and bays. • Forests also fill some areas of Greece. • Much of Greece is rocky. • Some areas are suitable for growing wheat, barley, citrus, and olives.
3 Geographic Regions • Northern Greece: Contains the largest plains area in Greece. It is almost surrounded by mountains. • Central Greece: Has more mountains than northern Greece. had a poor soil, but a long coastline favoring trade. • Peloponnesus: Contains a plateau over mountain ranges. • Plus various Islands.
Relative Isolation • Various famous city-states are separated by water and mountains. • This allows various different cultures to flourish and grow. • It also affects the types of economy each city-state would have.
The First Greeks • 1st people were the Minoans and the Myceneans. • Advanced civilizations based on trade in the Aegean sea. • They built huge palaces and temples.
Minoans of Crete • Lasted nearly 2000 B.C.E. • Great sailors. • Created many colonies. • Basic plumbing • Women had major roles, depict many priestesses. • Linear A- writing system we can not decipher. • Fell- Volcanic Eruption.
Mycenaean • Conquered Minoans. • Built small kingdom that fought often with each other. • Considered 1st because they spoke a form of Greek Language. • Traded with and copied Minoan writing to develop their own (we have deciphered their writing). • Intense competition, warfare, powerful kings. • Taxed trade and farming to build. • Believed to be the ones responsible for the fall of Troy. • Droughts, famines, invasion, and war between selves.
City-State • City-state: A self-governing state consisting of a city and its surrounding territory. • Developed because Greece’s rugged terrain made travel and communication difficult. • Built around area called the acropolis. • Included an agora, a marketplace. • Sparta and Athens were one of the mightiest City-States.
Athens • Athens was ruled by kings at first. • Over time Aristocrats took their place who had both money and power. • Most people in Athens were poor. • Rich and poor gap grew leading to conflict.
Athens • Draco: a ruler of Athens tried to solve this with harsh punishments but this failed. • Solon: revised laws again, overturning Draco. • Outlawed debt slavery, reduced poverty with trade. • Allowed all men to take part in the assembly that governed the city and serve on juries. • Only wealthy could run for or hold political office.
Governrment • Peisistratus: (py-sis-truht-uhs) was a tyrant and ruled with force but was popular by pushing the aristocrats out of office and increased trade. • Cleisthenes: (klys-thuh-neez) took over and set reforms that brought democracy. Broke into 10 tribes of where they lived for election basis. • Tribes elect 50 to serve on council of 500. • Proposed laws and elected generals.
Democracy • Athens now ruled by the people • Only free males over the age of 20 who completed military training. • Women, children, and immigrants cannot. • They • Vote in all elections • Serve office if elected • Serve on juries • Serve in the military during war
Three main bodies • Assembly all eligible made all laws and decisions. (direct democracy) • Council of 500 had to write the laws which assembly voted for. • Complex series of courts. • Some special office like generals, chief of state (archons) and had 1 term but elected as many times as it wants.
Sparta • Once surrounded by small towns but they were conquered by Sparta. • Made some into helots or state slaves. • Slaves given to work on farms so citizens can train for war. • War was seen as the only way to keep order. • Helots outnumbered them and were always ready to rebel.
Spartan Government • Led by two kings who served as military commanders. • Decisions fell increasingly to and elected council of elders. • Felt on honor to serve on the council. • A few families run everything, is called an oligarchy. • kept very tight control on its people.
Athens Culture • Athens was a very creative city state. • They believed in a good education. (for boys) • You could go into the army or navy if you wanted to. (if you were a boy)
Spartan Culture • Sparta was very focused on obedience and war and the people did not have any luxuries. • Boys did not have to work or be educated but trained to be warriors from a young age. • Boys had to join the Spartan army.
Athens Girls • Girls were not regarded as important by the Athenians. • Girls could be taught at home. (if they had rich parents) • Girls were not allowed to take part in anything to do with war, business or education.
Spartan Girls • Girls in Sparta were to grow up to be the mothers of warriors. • Although they were not allowed to fight, girls took part in all the training because fit ladies produced fit babies, who would fight!
Greek Philosophy • Three great philosophers. • Socrates: first of them, what we know come from the writings of his students. Concepts of truth, justice, and virtue. What made good people and societies. (What is Truth?) • Plato: student of Socrates. Truth, the ideal form of government. Only the best could lead. • Aristotle: use of reason and logic to study the natural world. Rational thought, and helped develop science and biology.
Greek Medicine • The Greeks believed that illness was a punishment sent by the gods…& they prayed for cures. • Asclepius-(As-KLEE-pi-us) the god of medicine • Herbal remedies, special diets & exercise were used for treatment • Sophisticated medical treatments for all kinds of diseases were created • Hippocrates-(HIP-POH-CRAH –TIS) remembered as father of modern medicine
literature • Homers Epics: two epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, telling the stories and heroes of the Trojan war. • Poems: descriptive poetry that describes peasants and Gods. Lyric poetry dealing with emotions and desires.
History • Herodotus: first major Greek writer of History. He described major events. • Thucydides: more critical of his sources • Xenophon: described famous men.
Plays • Drama: roots in Athens and developed playwriting from religious festivals. • Explored basic questions about people. • They tell us all about Greek culture and beliefs. • Aeschylus • Sophocles: Oedipus • Euripides • They also created the comedy.
Architecture and Art • Built temples, theaters, and added fine works of art to enhance. • Marble temples and bronze statues. • Parthenon took 14 years to build. • Sculpted the human form and were life like. And made sure all were of beautiful people without imperfections.
Alexander • Taught by Aristotle. • Warrior at 14 • A general at 18 • King at 20 • Died at 32
Hellenistic culture • Alexander believed in cultures mixing. • He had the city of Alexandria built. • When he died, his generals split up his lands. • Ptolemy (TAHL-uh-mee) took control of Egypt. • He started a dynasty of Pharaohs in Egypt who were not really Egyptian. • This line included Cleopatra and was in the control of Greece and eventually Rome.
Hellenistic World • Appointed people from various cultures to help rule. • Government changes from democracy back to monarchies. • Women now allowed some rights to women for education and property (but still not equal) • Greek philosophy and ideas spread throughout the world. • Art conveyed more emotion and used women more. • Archimedes: one of the great science and technology achievements like compound pullies, mechanical screw for drawing water.
