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Managing Information Systems Infrastructure with Google

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Learn about the components of an IS infrastructure, including hardware and software, and how to use Google to obtain information. Explore trends such as on-demand computing and green computing.

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Managing Information Systems Infrastructure with Google

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  1. Chapter 4 Managing the Information Systems Infrastructure Google (v.)- …to use the Google search engine to obtain information…on the World Wide Web. Merriam-Webster

  2. Learning Objectives 4-2

  3. Learning Objectives 4-3

  4. Infrastructure • Interconnection of basic facilities and services enabling an area to function properly • Streets • Power, telephone, water, and sewage lines • Schools • Retail stores • Law enforcement

  5. The IS Infrastructure • Google’s newest data center—The Dalles, OR • Why there? • Fiber-optic network connectivity • Access to water for cooling needs • Cheap, uninterrupted power from a nearby hydroelectric dam

  6. Components of an IS Infrastructure 4-6 • Businesses rely on a functioning information systems infrastructure

  7. Learning Objectives 4-7

  8. Key Elements of Information Systems Hardware • Input Devices • Used to enter information into a computer • Processing Devices • Transform inputs into outputs. • Output Devices • Deliver information to users in a usable format Input: Mouse and Keyboard Output: MonitorProcessing: CPU

  9. Input Technologies • Entering text and numbers: keyboard • Selecting and pointing: mouse, touch screen, touch pad • Entering batch data: scanner, bar code reader • Entering audio and video: microphone, digital camera

  10. Processing Technologies • Binary Code • Machine Language—the language computers understand • Binary or base-2 math (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on) • Bits • Bytes • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

  11. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • System unit: houses all components • CPU: Microprocessor, processor, chip • Responsible for performing all of the operations of the computer • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): • Perform math and logical operations • Control unit: • Fetch program instructions • Decode instructions • Retrieve data • Store results

  12. Moore’s Law • In the 1970s Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every eighteen months • Reduction of feature size • 1960s: 20 microns • Today: .032 micron

  13. Primary Storage • For temporary storage to support computer processing • Registers and cache (volatile) • Store data for immediate use by the CPU • Random-access memory (RAM) (volatile) • Store programs and data currently in use • Read-only memory (ROM) (nonvolatile) • Store programs and data automatically loaded when the computer is turned on • Basis input/output system (BIOS)

  14. Secondary Storage • Nonvolatile storage for permanently storing data • Large capacity • Example: Hard disk, CD-ROM disk • EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable memory • Flash memory

  15. Output Devices: Video Output • Used to display information from a computer • Monitors • Projectors • Video card (graphics card) • Tells monitor which dots to activate

  16. Printers and Plotters • Plotter • Uses pens to transfer engineering designs to drafting paper • Dot Matrix • Used for voluminous information • Ink-jet • Sprays ink onto paper • Laser • Uses electrostatic process to force ink onto paper

  17. Audio Output • Sound card and speakers • Sound card translates digits into sound • Also used to capture sound

  18. Types of Computers

  19. Hardware Infrastructure Trends Supercomputers

  20. On-Demand Computing • Dealing with fluctuating computing needs • Available resources allocated based on user needs • Utility computing • On-demand computing rented from external provider • Paid on as-neededbasis • Storage service provider • Scalability

  21. Grid Computing • Combines computing power of a large number of smaller, independent, networked computers • Tasks broken downinto smaller chunks • BOINC • Dedicated vs. heterogeneous grids • Acquisition vs. management costs

  22. Edge Computing • Multiple small servers located closer to individual users • Save bandwidth • Decreased access time

  23. Green Computing • Use computers more efficiently • Large organizations with significant computing needs • Save money using: • Virtualization • Virtual machines can be configured to run on a single computer

  24. Learning Objectives 4-24

  25. Systems Software/Operating System • Coordinates: • hardware • peripherals • application software • users • Also used in embedded devices • Written in assembly language • Performs day-to-day operations

  26. The OS Acts as a Manager

  27. Interfaces: Command vs. GUI • Provided by operating system • Interface types: • Command line interface • Requires typing text commands • Graphical user interface (GUI) • Windows Vista • Mac OS X • Linux (KDE or GNOME)

  28. Application Software • For performing specific user tasks • Writing a business letter • Processing payroll • Application software interacts with systems software

  29. Software Infrastructure Trends • Open-source software • Open-source movement aided by the advent of the Internet • Source code is freely available for use and/or modification • Open-source operating system • Linux • Used in embedded systems to personal computers to supercomputers

  30. Open-Source Application Software • Open-source application software • Apache Web server • Firefox Web browser • OpenOffice • Drawback: • Obtaining customer support may be difficult

  31. Application Service Providers • ASPs provide on-demand software access over the Web • Specific software located on the ASP’s server • Accessed using Web-enabled interfaces • Software as a service (SaaS) • Benefits: • Reduced need to maintain or upgrade software • Fixed monthly fee for services • Reliability

  32. Service Oriented Architecture 4-32 • Used to integrate business processes across organizations • Business processes are broken down into distinct services • Enables rapid reaction to changing business conditions • Reusable nature of services reduces cost of developing new applications

  33. Learning Objectives 4-33

  34. Evolution of Computer Networking • Computer networking • Sharing of information or services • Comparable to human communication

  35. Messages, Senders, and Receivers • Components of communication: • Senders and receivers with something to share • A transmission medium to send the message • Protocols (rules) dictating communication

  36. Computer Networks 4-36 • Digitizing: converting information into bits • Bandwidth: transmission capacity

  37. Bandwidth Requirements for Different Types of Information 4-37

  38. Networking Fundamentals • Three different roles: • Servers • Clients • Peers

  39. Servers • Only provide services • Usually have: • More advanced microprocessors • More memory • Larger cache • Many users share services • Trend: using server-centric networks

  40. Clients • Request services • Workstations or PCs • Software applications • Usually one user per client

  41. Peers • May request and provide services • Peer-to-peer networks • Equivalent capabilities and responsibilities • Usually found in small offices and homes • Popular for file sharing • Example: BitTorrent, KaZaa

  42. Types of Networks 4-42

  43. Transmission Media • Physical pathways for sending data • Considerations: • Attenuation • Electromagnetic interference (EMI) • Eavesdropping • Two types: • Cable media • Wireless media

  44. Cable Media • Physically link computers • Used when bandwidth is deciding criterion

  45. Wireless Media • Used when mobility is deciding criterion

  46. Applications of Wireless Media • Wireless local area networks (WLANs) • Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) • Bluetooth • Ultra Low Power (ULP) Bluetooth • Terrestrial microwave • Satellite microwave • Access remote locations • Global positioning system (GPS) • Used to triangulate position anywhere on earth

  47. How Did the Internet Get Started? 4-47 • Internet—derived from internetworking • 1960s—U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project (DARPA) • ARPANET—WAN that linked universities and research centers • 1986—U.S. National Science Foundation • NSFNET—became major component of the Internet

  48. Packet-Switching Technology • Problem: Concurrent data transmission • One wire and several users • Solution: Turn taking • Messages divided into packets and sent • Packets travel independently • Reassembled by receiver • Header contains address of source and destination

  49. TCP/IP • Protocol of the Internet • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) • Breaks information into packets • Manages transfer of packets between computers • IP (Internet Protocol) • Defines how the packet must be formed • Contains destination address • Routers forward packets between networks

  50. IP Datagram • Data packet that conforms to the IP specifications • Relies on IP address • Unique address assigned to computers and routers • TCP helps IP deliver packets: • Checks for lost datagrams • Puts received datagrams in correct order • Discards duplicate datagrams

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