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Managing Information Systems Infrastructure with Google

Learn about the components of an IS infrastructure, including hardware and software, and how to use Google to obtain information. Explore trends such as on-demand computing and green computing.

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Managing Information Systems Infrastructure with Google

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  1. Chapter 4 Managing the Information Systems Infrastructure Google (v.)- …to use the Google search engine to obtain information…on the World Wide Web. Merriam-Webster

  2. Learning Objectives 4-2

  3. Learning Objectives 4-3

  4. Infrastructure • Interconnection of basic facilities and services enabling an area to function properly • Streets • Power, telephone, water, and sewage lines • Schools • Retail stores • Law enforcement

  5. The IS Infrastructure • Google’s newest data center—The Dalles, OR • Why there? • Fiber-optic network connectivity • Access to water for cooling needs • Cheap, uninterrupted power from a nearby hydroelectric dam

  6. Components of an IS Infrastructure 4-6 • Businesses rely on a functioning information systems infrastructure

  7. Learning Objectives 4-7

  8. Key Elements of Information Systems Hardware • Input Devices • Used to enter information into a computer • Processing Devices • Transform inputs into outputs. • Output Devices • Deliver information to users in a usable format Input: Mouse and Keyboard Output: MonitorProcessing: CPU

  9. Input Technologies • Entering text and numbers: keyboard • Selecting and pointing: mouse, touch screen, touch pad • Entering batch data: scanner, bar code reader • Entering audio and video: microphone, digital camera

  10. Processing Technologies • Binary Code • Machine Language—the language computers understand • Binary or base-2 math (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on) • Bits • Bytes • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

  11. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • System unit: houses all components • CPU: Microprocessor, processor, chip • Responsible for performing all of the operations of the computer • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): • Perform math and logical operations • Control unit: • Fetch program instructions • Decode instructions • Retrieve data • Store results

  12. Moore’s Law • In the 1970s Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every eighteen months • Reduction of feature size • 1960s: 20 microns • Today: .032 micron

  13. Primary Storage • For temporary storage to support computer processing • Registers and cache (volatile) • Store data for immediate use by the CPU • Random-access memory (RAM) (volatile) • Store programs and data currently in use • Read-only memory (ROM) (nonvolatile) • Store programs and data automatically loaded when the computer is turned on • Basis input/output system (BIOS)

  14. Secondary Storage • Nonvolatile storage for permanently storing data • Large capacity • Example: Hard disk, CD-ROM disk • EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable memory • Flash memory

  15. Output Devices: Video Output • Used to display information from a computer • Monitors • Projectors • Video card (graphics card) • Tells monitor which dots to activate

  16. Printers and Plotters • Plotter • Uses pens to transfer engineering designs to drafting paper • Dot Matrix • Used for voluminous information • Ink-jet • Sprays ink onto paper • Laser • Uses electrostatic process to force ink onto paper

  17. Audio Output • Sound card and speakers • Sound card translates digits into sound • Also used to capture sound

  18. Types of Computers

  19. Hardware Infrastructure Trends Supercomputers

  20. On-Demand Computing • Dealing with fluctuating computing needs • Available resources allocated based on user needs • Utility computing • On-demand computing rented from external provider • Paid on as-neededbasis • Storage service provider • Scalability

  21. Grid Computing • Combines computing power of a large number of smaller, independent, networked computers • Tasks broken downinto smaller chunks • BOINC • Dedicated vs. heterogeneous grids • Acquisition vs. management costs

  22. Edge Computing • Multiple small servers located closer to individual users • Save bandwidth • Decreased access time

  23. Green Computing • Use computers more efficiently • Large organizations with significant computing needs • Save money using: • Virtualization • Virtual machines can be configured to run on a single computer

  24. Learning Objectives 4-24

  25. Systems Software/Operating System • Coordinates: • hardware • peripherals • application software • users • Also used in embedded devices • Written in assembly language • Performs day-to-day operations

  26. The OS Acts as a Manager

  27. Interfaces: Command vs. GUI • Provided by operating system • Interface types: • Command line interface • Requires typing text commands • Graphical user interface (GUI) • Windows Vista • Mac OS X • Linux (KDE or GNOME)

  28. Application Software • For performing specific user tasks • Writing a business letter • Processing payroll • Application software interacts with systems software

  29. Software Infrastructure Trends • Open-source software • Open-source movement aided by the advent of the Internet • Source code is freely available for use and/or modification • Open-source operating system • Linux • Used in embedded systems to personal computers to supercomputers

  30. Open-Source Application Software • Open-source application software • Apache Web server • Firefox Web browser • OpenOffice • Drawback: • Obtaining customer support may be difficult

  31. Application Service Providers • ASPs provide on-demand software access over the Web • Specific software located on the ASP’s server • Accessed using Web-enabled interfaces • Software as a service (SaaS) • Benefits: • Reduced need to maintain or upgrade software • Fixed monthly fee for services • Reliability

  32. Service Oriented Architecture 4-32 • Used to integrate business processes across organizations • Business processes are broken down into distinct services • Enables rapid reaction to changing business conditions • Reusable nature of services reduces cost of developing new applications

  33. Learning Objectives 4-33

  34. Evolution of Computer Networking • Computer networking • Sharing of information or services • Comparable to human communication

  35. Messages, Senders, and Receivers • Components of communication: • Senders and receivers with something to share • A transmission medium to send the message • Protocols (rules) dictating communication

  36. Computer Networks 4-36 • Digitizing: converting information into bits • Bandwidth: transmission capacity

  37. Bandwidth Requirements for Different Types of Information 4-37

  38. Networking Fundamentals • Three different roles: • Servers • Clients • Peers

  39. Servers • Only provide services • Usually have: • More advanced microprocessors • More memory • Larger cache • Many users share services • Trend: using server-centric networks

  40. Clients • Request services • Workstations or PCs • Software applications • Usually one user per client

  41. Peers • May request and provide services • Peer-to-peer networks • Equivalent capabilities and responsibilities • Usually found in small offices and homes • Popular for file sharing • Example: BitTorrent, KaZaa

  42. Types of Networks 4-42

  43. Transmission Media • Physical pathways for sending data • Considerations: • Attenuation • Electromagnetic interference (EMI) • Eavesdropping • Two types: • Cable media • Wireless media

  44. Cable Media • Physically link computers • Used when bandwidth is deciding criterion

  45. Wireless Media • Used when mobility is deciding criterion

  46. Applications of Wireless Media • Wireless local area networks (WLANs) • Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) • Bluetooth • Ultra Low Power (ULP) Bluetooth • Terrestrial microwave • Satellite microwave • Access remote locations • Global positioning system (GPS) • Used to triangulate position anywhere on earth

  47. How Did the Internet Get Started? 4-47 • Internet—derived from internetworking • 1960s—U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project (DARPA) • ARPANET—WAN that linked universities and research centers • 1986—U.S. National Science Foundation • NSFNET—became major component of the Internet

  48. Packet-Switching Technology • Problem: Concurrent data transmission • One wire and several users • Solution: Turn taking • Messages divided into packets and sent • Packets travel independently • Reassembled by receiver • Header contains address of source and destination

  49. TCP/IP • Protocol of the Internet • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) • Breaks information into packets • Manages transfer of packets between computers • IP (Internet Protocol) • Defines how the packet must be formed • Contains destination address • Routers forward packets between networks

  50. IP Datagram • Data packet that conforms to the IP specifications • Relies on IP address • Unique address assigned to computers and routers • TCP helps IP deliver packets: • Checks for lost datagrams • Puts received datagrams in correct order • Discards duplicate datagrams

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