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Study Guide– Spanish Empire building

Study Guide– Spanish Empire building. Crusades & Crusading Mentality Tainos/Arawaks Bull Treaty of Tordesillas Bull Romanus Pontifex Vacuum Domicillum Encomienda Apalachee & Pope Revolt. Study Guide: Questions .

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Study Guide– Spanish Empire building

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  1. Study Guide– Spanish Empire building Crusades & Crusading Mentality Tainos/Arawaks Bull Treaty of Tordesillas Bull Romanus Pontifex Vacuum Domicillum Encomienda Apalachee & Pope Revolt

  2. Study Guide: Questions • What Nation’s joined in the colonization of North America? How did they contribute to America’s National Heritage? • What were their motives? • What were their relations with the indigenous peoples? • What role did disease play in re-settlement of North America? • What ideologies justified subjugation and murder or first nation peoples? • Did nations differ in motives? Institutions of conquest and Ideology?

  3. Explorers, Conquerors, and “Saviors”: Spain’s Empire Building in the Americas

  4. Crusades & Crusading Mentality • 1,000’s of years of invasion for commercial interest • 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian King • Muslim Contributions to Europe – Cordoba, Spain • Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning 600-700 years of struggle • Crusades – series of military campaigns waged by Christians • Land & Labor • Crusading Mentality • Valued war • Valued accumulated wealth • Sense of Religious superiority • Sense of Religious Mission

  5. Empire Building • 1452 – Bull Romanus Pontifex • Declared war against all non Christians, slavery and exploitation • Canary Islands 1400-1490s • extermination of Guanches • Crusades Mentality • Begin to identify expansion with conquest of peoples rather than trade • Led exploration over seas • formed the rationalization for conquest and invaders assumed an innate and absolute superiority over all other people because of divine endowment

  6. Columbus • Zinn Chapter 1 • Loewen Chapter 2 • Heroification • Motives • Impact on Taino/Arawak

  7. Bull Intercaeteras & Treaty of Tordesillias 1494 1493 Western Hemisphere from Mexico South becomes Spanish “Sphere of Influence”

  8. Motives for Exploration • Search for Wealth • Gold, silver, raw materials • Search for All Water Route to Asia

  9. Basis for Conquest:European Legalisms • Vacuum Domicillum • Duty to civilize and convert people and land from “useless wilderness” to “Useful garden” in the name of god, the right to vacant land • Right of Conquest/Discovery • Right of Christians to take possession of lands not Christian by force of arms • Papal Bull • Charter, patent, decree by the Pope

  10. “Misunderstandings” • Sacrifice & ritual Cannibalism Vs. genocide • Ambiguous Christian/Moral Messages • War & its objectives • Gender – Matrilineal vs. Patriarchal • Invasion & “conquest” reordered the indigenous world fundamentally

  11. New World gets: Diseases: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, tuberculosis, small pox, measles, chicken pox, cholera, influenza, typhus Plants: mainly cultigens (weeds), citrus fruits, grapes, wheat Animals: pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats and rats New World gives: Diseases: syphilis (debated) Plants: corn, beans, squash, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco… Animals: turkey The “Exchange”

  12. Demographic Impact of Contact • 1492: 100-300 million people in western hemisphere • Epidemic Disease killed 65% - 100% of populations

  13. Institutions of Conquest • Enslavement & Exploitation • Presidio, pueblo, Missions, Encomiendas • Encomienda – • Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for labor • civilization and Christianization • uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations and public works

  14. New World Exploits: Andes • Inca Empire • 8-12 million people of Inca Empire • Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture, art… • Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent • 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco • Disease major factor in down fall

  15. Mayan City – Pre-Aztec

  16. New World Exploits: Meso-America • Aztec Empire • Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 • Montezuma held prisoner • Disease & Tlaxcalans

  17. Aztec Court

  18. Tenochtitlan

  19. Cortez meets with Monteczuma

  20. Cortez & Tlaxcalans

  21. New World Exploits: North America • South East (Today United States) • Panfilo de Narvaiz – 1528 – Tampa Bay, Fl • Apalachee killed 400 soldiers • Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca survived, spread rumors of “golden cities”

  22. New World Exploits: North America • South West (AZ & NM) • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – 1530s-1661 • Entered Zuni pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico • 1661 – Pope Revolt • 400 soldiers killed • Lived without Spanish interference until 1689

  23. Reading Questions • 1. What characterized Indigenous Societies Pre-contact? What generalizations can be reached? • 2. When comparing & contrasting European and indigenous values and life ways what problem arises in discussing the issues of “civilization” vs. Barbarism and “progress” vs. primitive or Backward?

  24. Reading Questions • 3. What developments allowed Europeans to re-settle the Americas? • 4. Why is it important to acknowledge these developments? • 5. What evidence is there for non-European exploration in the Americas pre-Columbus? Why is this important to acknowledge

  25. French, Dutch & English Re-settlement Challenge to Spain’s Empire Building

  26. Study Guide: French, Dutch & English • Reformation • French & Haudenosaunee • Dutch West India Co. & William Kieft • The Lost Colony • Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe • Starving Time • Opechancanough & the “Just War” • Pilgrims at Patuxet & Wampanoags • Puritans & Pequot's • Puritan Covenant & Pequot War • Reservations • King Phillip/Metacom’s War

  27. Western Europe • 1337-1453 England & France • One Hundred Years War • 1347-1351 • The Black Death – Bubonic Plague • 1/3 of Europe’s population

  28. European Society • Rigid Hierarchy • Monarchs • Aristocrats • Gentry • Peasants and laborers • Large Disparity of wealth = class struggle • Abuse of power by the Church

  29. Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther 1517 • 95 Thesis • Sale of indulgences to finance St. Peters in Rome • Translated Bible into German • Direct Relationship with God

  30. 95 Thesis • Challenged power, wealth and Authority of the church • Challenged by emerging commercial class

  31. French Re-settlement • 1608 1st French settlement Quebec • Relations with the Haudenosaunee (1660s) & the Huron • Nation-to-nation basis • Friendship, cooperation, alliances, marriage and absorption

  32. Dutch & Swedish • Henry Hudson – 1609 • Claimed New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia for Netherlands • Established Dutch West India Co. • Mohicans & Pequot's key to expansion and fur trade • Friendly relations until no longer useful • Director & General William Kieft 1639 • Advocated extermination of Indians • Killed off Many Lenape, Mohicans, Esophus & others

  33. English Re-settlement • Sir Walter Raleigh – 1584-1587 • Roanoke Island (The Lost Colony) • Royal Charter to Virginia Co. 1606 • Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe • Pilgrims – 1620 • Plymouth (Patuxet), Massachusetts & Wampanoags • Massachusetts Bay Company & Colony (1630) • The Puritans, Massachusetts Bay & Pequot's

  34. Chief Powhatan • 1607 – Chief Powhatan of the Pamunkey • 200 towns & villages – Agriculture, seafood, hunted & gathered

  35. Jamestown, Virginia • Motive – land & wealth • Virginia Co. of London • Preconceived notions of Savage • Indians impediment to progress • Starving Time – 1607 • ½ settlers dead • Saved by charity of Powhatan

  36. English Response • John Smith – 1608 • “Indian Problem” • Military solution • Powhatan • Stopped gifts of food • Population 60/500 • survived 2nd “Starving Time” • Relief ship 1610 saved colony

  37. Pocahontas “My Favorite Daughter” • 1612 kidnapped Matoaka – Powhatans 17 yr old daughter • Married John Rolf – mediator until death

  38. Resistance Effort • Opechancanough • Powhatan's brother and head of the Indian Confederation in 1618 • Resisted expansion and Exploitation • 1622 - 1/3 of colonists killed • John Smith • “It will be good for the plantation because now we have just cause to destroy them by all means possible”

  39. 1622

  40. Scorched Earth Campaign • 1622-1644 – “A Just War” • Enslaved • Take land • Poisoned 200 at a “peace conference” • War of extermination

  41. Genocide & Removal • “Peace” • Established boundaries • Indian scouts for Virginia Militia • Annual tribute of furs • 1715 forced removal of remaining tribes • Virginia lost 75% of native population

  42. Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay • 1620 – Plymouth, Massachusetts • Mayflower compact • Viewed people of Pamet & Nauset – Satan’s children

  43. Massasoit's Treaty Governor Edward Winslow

  44. Indian relations • Massasoit “Big Chief” of Wampanoags and other tribes • Introduced fur trade • Major source of capital • Squanto – Patuxet Wampanoag • Assisted Pilgrims through “starving time” • 1621 – “Thanksgiving”

  45. Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Company & Colony • Never endured a “Starving time” • By 1640 25,000 puritans out numbered Indians in the region • Puritan Covenant & “City Upon the Hill” • The chosen elect, outsider – insider mentality • God’s chosen, right to land = extermination Governor & Chief Executive John Winthrop

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