The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Transforming Perspectives and Knowledge

1. Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Chris Anderson Randolph-Henry H. S.

2. During the Middle Ages science was based on

3. Most scientific theories were outdated: • Believed Earth to be flat • Earth was the center of the universe • Science began to change in the 1600s • New technology developed (microscope and telescope)

4. Astronomy • 1.) Nicolaus Copernicus: • Polish astronomer • Worked at University of Krakow in 1492 • Believed earth to be round • Heliocentricview of universe • Believed the ______________to be center of the universe • Never proved his theory • Since he was Catholic, he did NOT publish his ideas

5. Nicolaus Copernicus

7. 2.) Johannes Kepler: • Skilled mathematician • Used math to provethat the Earth travels around Sun • Also proved the other planets travel around the sun • Planets use ellipticalorbits—not circular • Although Protestant, still afraid to publish

8. Johannes Kepler

10. 3.) Galileo Galilei: • 1609: created his telescope • Discovered moons around Jupiter (Galilean Moons) • Proves that a body can travel around another body • 1632: Published his ideas • Catholic Church did NOT like his book • He was placed on trial • He recanted his ideas even though he knew he was right • Placed under house arrest for the rest of his life • Continued to work in science • Created the Universal Laws of Physics

11. Galileo Galilei

13. Philosophy • 1.) Francis Bacon: • English Philosopher • Information not based on proven fact should be thrown out • Believed in using the scientific method

14. Francis Bacon

15. 2.) Rene Descartes: • French Philosopher and mathematician • Only way to reach truth is through reason • Invented analytic geometry

16. 3.) Sir Isaac Newton: • Physicist from England (tell story) • Believed in scientific method • 1687: wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • The book explained his ideas on gravity and universal gravitation (why the planets move) • Invented Calculus

17. Sir Isaac Newton

19. Biology, Medicine, Anatomy • 1.) Andreas Vesalius: • French medical student • Illegally dissected dead humans (tell story) • Contributed a lot to the study of anatomy

20. Andreas Vesalius

23. 2.) William Harvey: • English doctor • Discovered how blood circulates through the body

24. 3.) Robert Hooke: • Englishman • Discovered the _________________ • Used the microscope to make his discovery • What type of material did he look at to make his discovery???

25. Robert Hooke

27. Chemistry • 1.) Robert Boyle: • Irishman • Turned chemistry into a pure science (tell story about alchemy) • Defined element—any substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts

28. Robert Boyle

29. 2.) Joseph Priestly: • English chemist and preacher • Studied air • Discovered Oxygen • Discovered carbon dioxide (CO2) • What did his discovery of CO2 help to develop????

30. Joseph Priestly

31. Studies on Oxygen

32. 3.) Antoine Lavosier: • French Chemist • Studied Oxygen • Burning objects consume oxygen—Nature of Combustion

33. Impact of science

34. Common people in Europe became interested in science • Began conducting scientific experiments at home • People began to believe that everything could be explained by using the scientific method (law, politics, economics, social relationships, etc.)

35. Thomas Hobbes: • Believed that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government • Without an absolute monarch, a nation would fall apart • Believed humans are naturally inclined to become violent and disorderly (discuss) • Believed people do NOT have the right to rebel against the government • 1651: wrote Leviathan about a fictional place without a government

36. Thomas Hobbes

37. John Locke: • Believed the government should be based on a contract and order needed to be established (What type of contract???) • Believed humans to be naturally moral and reasonable (Who was right??) • People have rights to: • Life • Liberty • Property Ever heard of these before???

38. Believed people COULD rebel against their government if the government took away their rights • 1690: wrote Two Treatises of Government • Lots of people in the American colonies read Locke’s book • Used Locke’s ideas as the basis for the American Revolution • Jefferson used Locke’s ideas in the Declaration of Independence

39. John Locke

40. Hugo Grotius • Dutch jurist • Wanted international law to be based on natural law

41. William Penn • Founded the Quaker Colony in Pennsylvania • Pacifism

42. Deism • Religious philosophy that says no one religious philosophy is true • Do not believe in organized religion • Very popular in America and Europe • Most of America’s founding fathers where deist

43. Triumph of reason

44. Age of Enlightenment • Occurred during the late 17th and 18th centuries • People see the world as they have never seen it before • Classification of animals, insects, and plants • See the universe as a machine with fixed laws

45. Philosophes (Philosophers) • Thinkers of the Enlightenment • Believe in Locke’s and Newton’s ideas • Dislike superstition • Like freedom of speech and people’s right to liberty • Wrote lots of books

46. France—active center for the Enlightenment • Salons—places where thinkers would gather to share ideas • Madame de Pompadour—famous French lady who ran a popular salon in Paris

47. Madame de Pompadour

48. Encyclopedie • The most important accomplishment of the Enlightenment • Published in 1751 • 28 volumes about everything known in the world (3000 pages long) • Started as a French translation of an English _____________________ • Denis Diderot—editor of Encyclopedie • Goes to prison defending the work

49. Denis Diderot

50. Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu) • Helped Diderot with the Encyclopedie • 1748: wrote Spirit of Laws • Liked England’s government • Believed in 3 branches of government equally sharing power • 1.) Legislative • 2.) Executive • 3.) Judicial Ever heard of these???