1. Addressing the Food-Fuel Balance: Applying the Analysis of Life Science Innovation Systems Approach to the Agricultural BioeconomyBy Michele MastroeniJoyce Taitm.mastroeni@ed.ac.ukInnogen, University of Edinburgh

2. Biofuel Development: Multiple Challenges in Multiple Areas • Biofuel development presents many different challenges in different spheres of debate. • Reality of climate change (i.e. Political and scientific p.o.v.) • Fuel security (i.e. Ease of use versus long-term sustainability) • Food security (what are the direct and indirect factors?) • Economic development (e.g. Clean tech as new sector vs switch from fossil fuel and potential loss) • Alternative technologies (Gen 2, or non-biofuel) • Genetic Modification of crops (e.g. Precautionary principle) • Land use (How do previous two points impact land use?) • The need for and utility of public engagement (i.e. be wary)

3. The challenges are therefore not only scientific and technical. Some of the hardest challenges are economic, social and political. • Require an approach that can present to the analyst (and decision-makers) how the different challenges interact, and how they impact a particular path of development. • Not sufficient to use Life Cycle Assessment (whether attributional or consequential) • And normative standpoints must be examined and problematized, to ensure that unseen barriers are not ignored.

4. Value system • Embeds one or more value chains in the wider economic, regulatory and political contexts. • Value chain • Covers all activities needed to bring a product from conception to end use. Depending on the opportunity and the route to exploiting it, the value chain can encompass several business models operating in sequence or in parallel. • Business model • Applies to a class of firms that play a common role within a value chain - describes the rationale for how the firms create, capture and deliver value. Analysis of Life Science Innovation Systems (ALSIS): Approach and Definitions

5. Scenario 1 ALSIS Methodology Scenario 2 Value System (external constraints and enablers) Funding Regulation Markets Business Model Business Model Business Model Value Chain Business Model Business Model Stakeholders Data from interviews Data from published sources Data from workshops

6. Nuffield Council on Bioethics: 6 Principles • Biofuel Development should not be at expense of human rights • Biofuels should be environmentally sustainable • Biofuels should contribute to net reduction of GHG and not exacerbate climate change • Biofuel should develop with fair trade principles • Equitable distribution of costs and benefits • A duty not to do nothing

7. Case Studies Originally Used to Develop ALSIS:Let me put ALSIS in context Human Embryonic Stem Cells Red Blood Cells Liver Device

9. Red Blood Cells from Stem Cells – Business Model Map (simplified)

10. Red Blood Cells from Stem Cells – Critical Decision Points

11. Scenario Development HESC lines: Impact of variation in demand from different markets Red Blood Cells: Step change in manufacturing technology Impact of regulatory requirements regarding animal models Bio-artificial Liver Device: Impact of manufacturing decisions on product delivery