Restoration and enlightenment 1640-1780
Keep this in mind as you read… • What were the essential features of Puritanism? • What factors contributed to the outbreak of the English civil war? • What were the goals of the English Enlightenment?
Brit. Lit. Important evetns: • 1667- John Milton published Paradise Lost • 1678- John Bunyan publishes Pilgrim’s Progress • 1719- Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe • 1729- Jonathan Swift publishes A Modest Proposal • Samuel Johnson publishes A Dictionary of the English Language • Encyclopedia Britannica begins publication
Important British Events • 1666- Great Fire of London occurs • 1687- Newton publishes theory of gravitation • 1707- England and Scotland unite as Great Britain • 1768- Royal Academy of Arts founded
Important world events: • 1727- Coffee first planted in Brazil • 1752- Ben Franklin invents the lightening rod • 1756- Seven Years’ War begins in Europe • 1775- American Revolution begins
The Great Fire of London • On September 2, 1666, fire broke out in a London bakery. During the next four days it spread, destroying much of the city. Fortunately, the flames spread slowly, which enabled Londoners to escape. As a result, few people were killed; contemporary records indicate only five deaths from the fire. Damage to buildings and property, however, was considerable; 100,000 Londoners were homeless.
Read pages 496 and 497 • Read the information given to you about the punishment for swearing, travel rates, tea and coffee, the slave trade and the information titled, “Being There.” • Afterwards, answer questions 1-3 under “Reading Check” at the bottom of page 497.
PUNISHMENT FOR SWEARING! • Puritan commonwealth- swearing in public was an offense! • Punishment- PAYMENT OF A FINE • Varied according to social ranking • Duke = 30 shillings • Baron = 20 shillings • Squire = 10 shillings • Commoner = 3 shillings
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The Divine right of Kings • James I firmly believed in the divine right of kings (kings derive power directly from God) • Didn’t want to reform Church of England ( founded by who??) • Instead, he wanted to conform his subjects to the church’s practices • Catholics Mass • Puritans religious gatherings
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Growing Conflict • Charles I (James’s son) came into rule and people hoped for a more tolerant ruler • Hopes are CRUSHED! • Followed daddy’s footsteps, in that kings had divine right • Charles and Parliament butted head (they couldn’t agree on religious and economic matters) • He dissolved Parliament and did not call it back for 11 years!
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • During “11 years of tyranny,” they started to dislike each other even more • By the time Parliament came back, it was too late… • Parliament demanded to control all church and military matters and appoint ministers and judges • Ideological battle lines were drawn • August 1642- War had begun!
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The English Civil War • Between Royalist Cavaliers (loyal to king) VERSUS Puritan Roundheads (called this because their hair was cut short, unlike the long-haired courtiers.
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • English Civil War • Oliver Cromwell- he’s a military genius and Puritan extremist • His New Model Army pretty much proved Parliament victorious! • April 1646, Charles surrendered himself to the Scots, who turned him over to Parliament in exchange for a large ransom
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • English Civil War • Parliament wanted to do away with monarchy (the king being the only one in charge) • Accused Charles- “Tyrant, Traitor, and Murderer; and a public enemy to the good people of this nation.” • Trial was controversial- BUT, the death sentence was passed…
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • English Civil War • Charles was publicly beheaded • A week after his death, Parliament abolished the monarchy!
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The Commonwealth and the Restoration • Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the country • Until his death in 1658, Cromwell imposed strict Puritanical rules on public behavior and religious worship
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • He closed theaters, banned dancing and music, and caused all religious icons to be destroyed as “graven images.”
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Parliament, who beheaded Charles I, asked his son Charles II to return from exile and reclaim the throne!
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Monarchy is back, and so are theaters! And dancing! And public festivals are celebrated! new fashions in clothes, food, and ideas!
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Charles II’s return set the stage for the Enlightenment that took hold during the following century
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The Enlightenment and Neoclassicism • Enlightenment was a philosophical and literary movement that’s often referred as “The Age of Reason.” • Profound faith in the power of human reason and devotion to clarity of thought • Skepticism attitude toward traditional religion and a surge of scientific discovery
Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • The Enlightenment and Neoclassicism • Neoclassicism- literary movement • Major opinion was the conviction that the classical authors of ancient Greece and Rome had perfected the rules and norms that should govern the writing of literature for all time
3 big ideas from Puritanism to enlightenment: • Puritanism and the Civil War • The Restoration • The English Enlightenment and Neoclassicism • Your objective: • Group of THREE! No more than three! • Outline each of the big ideas • Make sure you switch papers and everyone has all three main ideas in their notes!
