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Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College

Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context. Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College. What is a Psychological Disorder?. Psychological Dysfunction Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning Personal Distress

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Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College

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  1. Chapter 1Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College

  2. What is a Psychological Disorder? • Psychological Dysfunction • Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning • Personal Distress • Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles • Impairment is set in the context of a person’s background • Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response • Reaction is outside cultural norms

  3. Classroom Activity: Distinguishing Normal from Abnormal Behavior • Case # 1: Tom is uncomfortable riding escalators. As a result, Tom avoids using any escalator. • Case #2: Rachel has been caught urinating in the corner of her bedroom. Is her behavior abnormal?

  4. Historical Ideas about Abnormal Behavior • Three Dominant Traditions • Supernatural – outside of ourselves • Biological – deals with body • Psychological – deals with mind

  5. The Supernatural Tradition • Deviant Behavior as a Battle of “Good” vs. Evil • Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery • Treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries • Enlightened view – natural and treatable • The Moon and the Stars • Paracelsus and lunacy

  6. The Biological Tradition • Hippocrates: Abnormal Behavior as a Physical Disease • Hysteria “The Wandering Uterus” • Galen Extends Hippocrates Work • Humoral theory of mental illness • Treatments remained crude

  7. The 19th Century • General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological Link With Madness • Pasteur discovered the cause – A bacterial microorganism • Led to penicillin as a successful treatment • John Grey, Dorthea Dix, & the reformers • Bolstered the view that mental illness = physical illness

  8. The Development of Biological Treatments • Mental disorder treatment in 1930’s – insulin, ECT, brain surgery • Joseph Von Meduna – schizophrenia and epilepsy • Treatment of psychotic disorders in 1950’s – first effective medications

  9. The Psychological Tradition •Psychosocial – social/cultural factors •The Rise of Moral Therapy – Pinel & Pussin (France), William Tuke (England), and Benjamin Rush (U.S.) • More humane treatment of institutionalized patients • Encouraged and reinforced social interaction • Decline of moral therapy due to beliefs about brain pathology & increase in psychiatric patients

  10. Psychoanalytic Theory • Freudian Theory of the Structure and Function of the Mind (Id, Ego, Superego) • Defense mechanisms (denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, sublimation) • Neo-Freudians – Anna Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler

  11. Humanistic Theory • Major Players • Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers • Major Themes • That people are basically good • Humans strive toward self-actualization • Therapist conveys empathy and unconditional positive regard

  12. The Behavioral Model • Derived from a Scientific Approach to the Study of Psychopathology • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov; Watson) • John Wolpe – systematic desensitization • B.F. Skinner – operant conditioning

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