Animal Kingdom Review

1. Animal Kingdom Review Chapter 26-30

2. Sponges • Phylum Porifera • Asymmetrical Body Plan • Filter Feeders • Choanocytes – digestive cells (see diagram) • Sexual Reproduction – hermaphrodites, internal fertilization • Asexual Reproduction - budding

3. Sessile • No Nervous System • Produce Toxins • Habitat for other organisms (commensalism)

5. Cnidarians • Jellyfish • Hydras • Sea anenomes & Corals • Radial Symmetry • Paralyze Prey • Digestion in Gastrovascular Cavity • 1 opening

6. Asexual reproduction – in polyps (see diagram) through budding • Sexual reproduction – in medusa (see diagram), separate sexes, external fertilization • Sensory cells • Nerve net • Move through jet propulsion • Form coral reefs!

8. Flatworms • Turbellarians – free living • Flukes – parasitic • Tapeworms – intestinal parasite • Bilateral Symmetry • Pharynx – extension of mouth for feeding • Free living or parasitic on hosts

9. Sexual reproduction – hermaphroditic • Asexual reproduction – fission, splits into 2 worms • Ganglia – group of nerve cells, in head • Nerve cords run down length of body • Eyespots • Cilia and muscles for movement • Parasites found in undercooked beef and fish

11. Roundworms • Trichinosis causing worms – found in undercooked pork meat • Filarial worms – block blood vessels causing elephantitis • Ascarid worms – intestinal parasites in many farm animals • Hookworms – blood sucking parasites in humans and other mammals

12. Bilateral symmetry • Grasping mouth parts such as fangs, hooks, and suckers. • Full digestive cavity – mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus. • Sexual reproduction – separate sexes, internal fertilization • Ganglia with simple nervous system • Chemical detectors • Muscles for movement

14. Annelids • Oligochaetes – freshwater and terrestrial segmented worms, Ex. Earthworms! • Leeches – blood suckers • Polychaetes – marine segmented worms • Bilateral symmetry • Filter feeders to predators • Use pharynx to catch food • Have crop and gizzard – specialized stomach compartments.

15. Sexual reproduction – separate sexes have internal fertilization, hermaphrodites have external fertilization • Clitellum – releases egg and sperm (see diagram). • Well developed nervous system with Brain!!

16. Nerve cords run length of body • Sensory tentacles (in some), chemical receptors, and eyes • Longitudinal and circular muscle groups for movement • Important decomposers!

18. Mollusks • Gastropods – snails and slugs • Bivalves – clams, oysters, mussels • Cephalopods – octopus, squid • Bilateral symmetry • Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritivores, parasitic • Radula – scraping tongue • Hard beaks in cephalopods

19. Siphon – tube for water to enter and leave body • Sexual reproduction – some separate sexes, some hermaphrodites, internal and external fertilization • Varied nervous systems: simple ganglia to nerve cord with brain • Octopus and squid – complex nervous system with ability to learn

20. Movement through mucus secretions and jet propulsion • Used as food source • Sensitive to water changes – used to monitor water quality • Used in cancer research – do not develop cancerous cells.

22. Arthropods • Crustaceans • Spiders • Insects • Centipede and Millipedes • Bilateral symmetry • Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, blood suckers, filter feeders, detritivores, parasites, fangs, jaws.

23. Full digestive system • Some have crop and gizzard • Terrestrial species – separate sexes, internal fertilization • Aquatic species – separate sexes, internal or external fertilization • Well developed nervous system – brain with nerve cord

24. Well developed groups of muscles • Wings with ability to fly in many • Exoskeleton made of chitin • Crustaceans – used as a food source • Largest phylum – most abundant phylum on earth! • Several species go through metamorphosis • Can be household pests and vector hosts for disease

26. Echinoderms • Sea Urchins and sand dollars • Brittle stars • Sea cucumber • Sea Star (starfish) • Bilateral symmetry in larvae • Radial symmetry in adults • Jawlike structures for chewing

27. Pushes stomach outside of body and digests food, then brings stomach in • Full digestive cavity with radial canal to transport nutrients to arms. • Sexual reproduction – separate sexes, external fertilization • Tube feet for movement • Endoskeleton with spines • Muscular body

28. Simple nervous system with scattered sensory cells. • Eyes on end of each arm • Intricate part of marine ecosystem • Crown of thorns – kills coral 

30. Chordata • Invertebrates – tunicates and lancelets • Cartledganous fish – sharks, skates, rays • Bony fish – angelfish, clown fish, bass • Amphibians – frogs, salamanders • Reptiles – turtles, crocodiles, snakes • Mammals – whales, dogs, humans • Birds – mockingbird, ostrich, penguins

31. Bilateral symmetry • Filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites • Full digestive system • Some have crop and gizzard • Sexual reproduction – separate sexes in all • External fertilization – fish and amphibians • Internal fertilization – reptiles, mammals, birds

32. Amniotic egg – has protective covering, amniotic fluid to protect and feed zygote • Found in reptiles, mammals, and birds • Sessile – tunicates • Flying with wings, swimming with fins and flippers, quadruped, bipeds • All have brain with well developed nervous system and sense organs

33. All 4 characteristics must be present at some stage in life to fit into chordate phylum: • 1. notochord • 2. pharyngeal gill slits • 3. nerve cord • 4. postanal tail