Introduction to New Media Interaction

1. Introduction to New Media Interaction

2. Spaces of Interaction

10. Minority Report Intelligent billboards

11. Consider the implications of a paradigm shift in media communications Considers five key elements of this paradigm Historical view of interactivity Modelling interactivity Interactivity from a design perspective User interaction (UCD & UXD) Ubiquitous interaction Aims of this lecture

12. Historical view of interactivity

13. from the old to the new

14. A paradigm shift Thomas Kuhn’s (1970) Structure of Science normal science crisis new science revolution

15. A paradigm shift Structure of Media? Analogue media Digital media • Crisis • Information revolution • Digitization of print in 1980s • Impact of Internet on ad revenue for newspapers and TV in 2008 New media Digitalization and convergence of media

16. Early computation had little to do with interaction

18. Paradigm Shift Douglas Engelbart’s 1968 demonstration at Augmentation Research Centre in San Francisco Before Engelbart, human interaction with a computer was ‘laughable’ Link to videos of 1968 demonstration and interview with Engelbart

19. Douglas Engelbart 1968 Augmentation Research Computers used to augment ‘collective IQ’ Demonstrates user tools the mouse keyboard hypertext dynamic file linking hierarchical structuring of text videoconferencing User tools and collective intelligence

20. bootstrapping The augmentation of the human intellect via interaction understood as a collective bootstrapping process

21. 1969 • Engelbart would go on to hook up the second node of ARPANet in the following year and, during the next decade, would help to build an online community on that network, which has now become the Internet (See the MIT New Media Reader, 2003).

22. ‘The medium shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and actions’ (McLuhan 1964 p. 9) What makes the Global Village is not the content or the message of the medium, but the medium itself

23. The medium is the me[a]ssage

24. Not necessarily about Harmony. Not just about glorious technological change. Big social and political changes to the way we live, work and play Wapping video

25. Changing Our Relations to the Media and the Economy

26. Modelling Interactivity

27. What is new about ‘new’ media? • Differences between old media and new are greater userchoice and control Pavlik, 1998 New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Perspectives

28. Interactivitydefined

29. Interactivity • 1: mutually or reciprocally active • 2: of, relating to, or being a two-way electronic communication system (as a telephone, cable television, or a computer) that involves a user's orders (as for information or merchandise) or responses (as to a poll) Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

30. interactivity Interactivity is based on changing roles of sender/receiver

31. simple model of linear communication message transmitter Receiver(s)

32. interactive communication message Transmitter Receiver Receiver(s) Transmitter(s)

33. Interaction defined message Communicator A Communicator B Response/reaction response Communicator A Bretz (1983) cited in Hanssen, Jankowski and Etienne 1996 Contours of Multimedia

34. Three levels of interactionRafaeli (1988) Bidirectionality (navigational, click-thru) Reactiveness (dynamic database) Responsiveness (face-to-face, email, artificial intelligence)

36. Responsiveness • ELIZA was written at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 to 1966. • http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza-cgi-bin/eliza_script • Richard Wallace began development of Alice in 1995, while at Lehigh University • http://www.pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?botid=f5d922d97e345aa1

37. “Jenn” at alaskaair.com Meet Jen

38. Clever(er) Bots • See http://www.cleverbot.com/

39. Interactivity from a design perspective

41. Tannenbaum argues that a good mix of interactivity social presence Like face-to-face, interpersonal communication What should interaction designers strive for?

42. Should interaction design strive to be interpersonal? • How can designers make new media interpersonal? • Immediacy of response • Non-sequential access to information • Adaptability • High levels of feedback

43. Assumptions about face-to-face communication

44. Steve Jones (1999) CMC has become a race to provide the most ‘lifelike’ interaction possible problems with face-to-face interaction It does not necessarily break down barriers of communication…. Assumptions about face-to-face communication

45. Should all new media be interactive? ‘…from the perspective of functionality, it is not necessary to always strive for a high degree of interactivity’ Hanssen, Jankowski and Etienne, Contours of Multimedia 1996

46. What do users consider interactivity to be? Control over sequence Greater number of choices However, Too much control experienced negatively Decision-making obstacle to use A degree of linearity aided user orientation User Research

47. User Interaction

48. Human Computer Interaction (HCI) • HCI is about the design of computers, but ‘from the user's point of view’ • In Draper and Norman (eds) "User-Centered System Design" 1986 p. 2 • HCI uses cognitive psychology frameworks Donald Norman

50. Three Paradigms Within HCI 1. Ergonomic 2. Cognitive