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Review of Essential Skills:

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magda
16 diapositives · 327 Views · Sep 08, 2014

Review of Essential Skills:. SI Units, Scientific Notation, Significant Figures & Rounding. SI Units. Standard Unit: Metric is usually the preferred unit in science. Metric referred to as “S.I.” (System Internationale ) Also known as MKS system M etres : Standard unit for distance

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  1. Review of Essential Skills: SI Units, Scientific Notation, Significant Figures & Rounding

  2. SI Units • Standard Unit: Metric is usually the preferred unit in science. • Metric referred to as “S.I.” (System Internationale) • Also known as MKS system • Metres: Standard unit for distance • Kilograms: Standard unit for mass • Seconds:Stanard unit for time • Some examples: Speed (m/s), Volume (m3)

  3. Scientific Notation • Often in Physics, calculations require the usage of large figures, scientific notation makes these calculations easier. • Some examples: • 37010000 m = 3.701 x 107 m • 0.00003152 s = 3.152 x 10-5 s Decimal moved left? Positive Exponent Decimal moved right? Negative Exponent

  4. SN Recipe • Place a decimal to get a number between 1 and 10. • Multiply by 10. • Add a power/exponent to the 10 based on the number of times you moved the decimal.

  5. Eg.1: Convert each number below to scientific notation. • Eg.2: Convert each number to real notation. a) 0.0673 km b) 350 000 145 s = 0.0673 = 350 000 145 = 6.73 x 10-2km = 3.50000145 x 108s a) 4.5 x 103m b) 2.3456 x 10-7s = 23456 = 45 0.000000 00 = 0.000 000 23456 s = 4 500 m

  6. Significant Figures (“Sig Figs”) • Values that are significant to a measurement • Gives certainty to any measure. • Guidelines • Count from left to right, beginning with the first non-zero digit.

  7. 2. Zeros at beginning are never significant.

  8. 3. All non-zero digits in a number are significant.

  9. 4. Zeros between digits are significant.

  10. 5. Zeros at the end of a number with a decimal point are significant.

  11. 6. Zeros at the end of a number without a decimal are not significant.

  12. 7. All digits in the coefficient of a number written in scientific notation are significant.

  13. Significant Figures (“Sig Figs”) • Values that are significant to a measurement. • Leading / trailing zeros are typically placeholders. • Eg.3: State the number of sig figs in each case. 2 Last 3 zeros are placeholders 5 Last 2 zeros are placeholders ~ 4 Tilde (~) indicates last significant figure Numbers recorded AFTER decimal place wouldn’t be recorded unless significant 4 Leading zeros not significant, last two digits are part of the measurement 5

  14. Rounding Rules • Very simple set of rules with the exception of numbers terminating in 5 • Rules: • Number terminates in value > 5: Round up • Number terminates in value < 5: Round down • Number terminates in 5: • Round to ensure the rounded value is an even number.

  15. Eg.4: Round to the specific number of sig figs. • Since the last example is terminated by a non-zero number, the “5 rule” does not apply… 5.64 4.63 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7

  16. Why the “5 rule”? • Automatically rounding up skews data in one direction. Eg.5: Consider the following data set: [1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5] • Original sum: 1.5+2.5+3.5+4.5 = 12 14 [2,3,4,5] [2,2,4,4] 12