1. Topic 1: Phonetics Raung-fu Chung Southern Taiwan University rfchung@mail.stut.edu.tw

2. What is phoentics? Phonetics is a science to study sound structure of human beings.

3. Nature of sounds Sounds are waveforms, which is continuous without any pauses. For instance, Lukai: akanasukuvevaa

4. Segmentation: 1. While sounds are continuous, they can be segmented and represented by a system of symbols. 2. IPA (International Phonetic Association or International Phonetic Alphabets) 3. Sound and spelling: English, Malay, Korean, Japanese

5. Phonetics: • Articulatory phonetics • Auditory phonetics • Acoustic phonetics

6. Speech organs: Nasal cavity supralarynx Oral cavity Tongue body larynx larynx lungs

7. Phonation:

8. Place of articulation: • 1. lips • 2. coronal • 3. Dorsal

9. Manner of articulation: • Voiced vs. voiceless • Stop (noncontinuent) • Fricative • Affricate • Nasal

10. Sound categories: Vowels vs. consonants a. oral cavity: with or without friction b. waveforms: periodical vs. aperiodical c. resonants: with or without formants

11. Sound Waves: English heed [hid] Aperiodical waves Aperiodical & periodical waves Periodical waves

12. Periodical vs. aperiodical

13. More articulators Hard palate Soft palate velum uvular

14. Passive articulators:

15. Now we are ready for the sound descriptions

16. Consonants: bilabial stops • Place of articulation: bilabial • Manner of articulation: stops

17. Characteristics of stop consonants Three steps in manner of articulation 1. inhaling: 2. stop the airstream somewhere in the oral or nasal cavity: 3. release of the airstream:

18. Consonants: bilabial stops • targets: /b, p, ph, m/ • Place: bilabials • Manners: stops

19. Voiced: /b/ vs. /p/ /b/: voiced, vocal cords birate in sound production /p/: voiceless

20. Aspiration: /p/: unaspirated /ph/: aspirated

21. Vowels:

22. Vowel quality: formants

23. Formant tracing: Chinese [shi]

24. What is a formant? • Ladefoged: A group of overtones corresponding to a resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract. [P.293] • Laver: They (formants) represent the acoustic consequences of the changing shapes of the mouth and pharynx in terms of the varying frequency-values of the resonances of the vocal tract. [P.103) • Pickett: In speech, the resonances of the vocal tract are called formants.[P.23]

25. Vocal tract and its type in vowels: Pickett 1999:41

26. Vocal tract as a tube:

27. Vocal tract shapes for vowels:

28. Know further? • The length from the lips to glottis is about 17 cm • The lowest frequency at which such a tube resonates will have a wavelength () 4 times the length of the tube: = 4 x 17 cm = 68 cm 3. The formula for the frequencies of the vocal tract resonance are: F1= c/ ( =4 l , where 1= the length of the tube=17cm) c=34400cm (a constant number for the velocity in the open air) F2=3c/  F3=5c/ 

29. Formants of English vowels (Olive 1993)

30. Formants of a student’s English vowels

31. F1 & F2: a vowel chart

32. English vowel chart:

33. Vowels in other languages Southern Min (12 males)

34. Mandarin Chinese

35. French:

36. Southern Min and Hakka: male and female

37. French:

38. Hakka: 30 speakers

39. Hakka: average of 30 speakers

40. VOT: properties of stop consonants

41. English VOT

42. Our studies: NSE VOT

43. NSE in columns

44. Hakka VOT: P ph t th k kh ts tsh VOT(ms) 12.0 73.4 14.7 74.3 27.8 87.2 64.7 135.2

45. Hakka: aspirated vs. unaspirated

46. SM VOT

47. Students from different countries for Chinese VOT:

48. Stop: energy and place

49. Fricatives: friction noises a. 私 [s] b. 詩 [] c. 西 [i] d. she

50. Noise frequencies: