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Eastern Philosophies

Eastern Philosophies. Background. Located in China Not religions, but ways of life The solutions to political breakdown and social disorder Combination of Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism and Buddhism Focused on life in this world and not the after-life. Buddhism. Background.

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Eastern Philosophies

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  1. Eastern Philosophies

  2. Background • Located in China • Not religions, but ways of life • The solutions to political breakdown and social disorder • Combination of Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism and Buddhism • Focused on life in this world and not the after-life

  3. Buddhism

  4. Background • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama • Four Noble Truths • Eight Fold Path • Nirvana (rebirth) • Two Branches: • Mahayana, Theravada, • Ceremonies performed by Monks • Can be a part of another Eastern Religion due to the emphasis on personal salvation.

  5. Confucianism

  6. Basis • Founded on the beliefs of Kung Fu Tzu (Confucius) • Teachings were collected in The Analects • Deals with individual and moral ethics and the proper use of political power. • Six ethical teachings: • Li: etiquette • Hsiao: Love within the family • Yi: righteousness • Xin: honesty/trustworthiness • Jen: humaneness towards others • Chung: loyalty

  7. Filial Piety • 5 Relationships • Sovereign to Subject • Parent to Child • Husband to Wife • Old to Young • Friend to Friend • Each person had their own duties to each other and extended to the dead • Eventually led its way into the legal system

  8. “Ceremonies” • Four life passages are recognized: • Birth: a special ceremony for the placenta. The mother is allowed rest for a month and follows a special diet. The family gives gifts on the first, fourth and twelfth month of the anniversary of the birth. • Reaching Maturity: has tapered off now days. A group meal where the young adult is served chicken • Marriage: six phases; proposal, Engagement, Dowry, Procession, Marriage and Reception, and Morning After. • Death: Relatives cry out loud to inform neighbors. Coffin and burial service. Latter is carried back to the family’s alter so the spirit will not be forgotten.

  9. Texts • Si Shu • Lun Wu: Analects of Confucius • Chung Yung: Doctrine of the Mean • Ta Hsueh: Great Learning • Meng Tzu: the writings of Meng Tzu, a philosopher • Wu Jing • ShuChing: Classic of History • Shih Ching: Classic of Odes; 300 poems and songs • I Ching: Classic of Changes • Ch’unCh’iu: Spring and Autumn annals; history of Lu • Li Ching: Classic of Rites.

  10. Legalism

  11. background • Based on the ideas of Hsün Tzu and his pupil, Han Fei Tzu • Opposite to Confucianism • Believed that humans were evil, but could be made good by strict laws and education • Had harsh punishments • Primary way of government in the Qin Dynasty

  12. Background cont. • Set the standard in China that Laws are above the people, including the emperor • No need for individual leadership. • Laws were based on diminishing human selfishness

  13. Principles of Governing • Fa: “Law or Principle” Law code is clearly written and displayed to the public. Everyone is under the law. Those who obey the law are rewarded and those who disregard them are punished. • Shu: “Method, tactic or art” special tactics are used by the ruler so that nobody takes control of the state. Nobody fathoms the ruler’s motivation; nobody knows what will help them get ahead or harm them except for following the rules. • Shi: “Legitimacy, power, charisma” The position of a ruler holds the power, not the person ruling.

  14. Daoism

  15. History • Began in the Han Dynasty • Written records of Laozi • Two Texts: Daodejing and Zhuangzi • Term Daoism encompassesDaojia (“School of the Dao”) and Daojiao (“Teaching of the Dao”)

  16. Dao • Dao means way or path • Power (de or te) can be drawn from being absorbed in Dao • Cannot be reached through reason and knowledge • Not everything is knowable • Can only be found by avoiding daily activities and renouncing wordy ambitions • Flow of the Universe • Nature and Simplicity • Deeply influenced arts • Painting and poetry

  17. Wu Wei • “without action” • goal: to align oneself with Dao to reveal the soft but powerful power within all things and enter the state of Pu. • Often associated with water • Pu = “uncarved block” “simplicity” • A state of pure potential and perception with out prejudice • Only existence and awareness • No right or wrong

  18. Texts Daodejing Zhuangzi • Consists of 81 “chapters”. • A little more than 5000 characters • Dao Jing (chs.1-37) • Explains about the Dao • De Jing(chs. 38-81) • Explains about de or virtue • Originally Consisted of 52 “chapters” • Reduced to 33 by Guo Xiang • Contains treatises, stories, poetry and aphorisms • Material from Zhuang Zhou • Consists of “inner chapters” “outer chapters” and “mixed chapters”

  19. Yin Yang • Two opposing yet complimentary forces • Yin: shady, female, soft, slow, wet, cold, conserving, tranquil, gentle, night. • Yang: sunny, male, hard, fast, substantial, dry, hot, excited, aggressive, day. • Not the concept of “good and evil” • Four “Laws”: • Opposing • Mutually rooted • Mutually transform • Mutually wax and wane • http://www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/YinYang.htm

  20. Works Cited • Hooker, Richard. Chinese Philosophy: Legalism. 28 Sept. 2008. <http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHPHIL/LEGALISM.HTM>. • ReligiousTolerance.org. Confucianism: founded by Kung Fu Tzu. 28 Sept. 2008. <http://www.religioustolerance.org/confuciu.htm>. • The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Daoist Philosophy. 28 Sept. 2008. <http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/daoism.htm>. • Taoism. Confucianism. Legalism. 29 Sept. 2008. <http://en.wikipedia.org>.

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