Ch. 32: I. Postcolonial Crises (1975-1990)

1. Ch. 32: I. Postcolonial Crises(1975-1990)

2. A. Latin America • Brazil: ― “Brazilian Solution” – 1964 military coup & dictatorship – death squads – ISI policy 2. Chile: – CIA-assisted coup of socialist Salvador Allende (1973) – Augusto Pinochet led military regime (1974-1990) 3. Argentina: – military dictatorship… “Dirty War”

3. Allende & Pinochet

4. B. Marxist Revolutions • Nicaragua: • U.S.-backed gov’t of Anastasio Somoza • Cuban-backed Sandinistas overthrow • ruled until 1990 • Iran-Contra Affair • El Salvador: • guerilla war fought by FMLN against military regime • ruled until 1990

5. Iran-Contra Affair

6. C. U.S. in L. America • Increased U.S. involvement – Grenada (1983) – Panama (1989) • “Debt Crisis”: – L. American countries could not repay loans

7. D. Iranian Revolution Iran • 1953: CIA coup to install Shah Reza • oil flowed to U.S./W. Europe 3. 1979 Revolution: Shah overthrown by Ayatollah Komeini – theocracy established (clerics) – 52 Americans held hostage at U.S Embassy in Tehran 4. Iran-Iraq War (1980): Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invades Iran

8. Cozy relationship between U.S. & the Shah for quarter of a century

9. Ayatollah Khomeini vs.the Shah Mohamed Reza

10. II. Asian Transformations • Japan: most rapid economic growth of 1970s-80s – export-based economy • “Asian Tigers”: newly industrialized economies – Hong Kong – Singapore – Taiwan – South Korea

11. A. Deng Xiaoping • After Mao’s death (1975): Deng Xiaoping instituted “Four Modernizations” • opens to West while maintaining Communism 3. Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989): – 100,000 students protest for democratic reform – troops crushed protesters

12. The Unknown Protestor… “Tank Man”

13. III. End of the Bipolar World(1989-1991)

14. A. End of U.S.S.R. USSR: – inefficient planned economy – unpopular Afghan war – massive Arms Race spending U.S.: – popular President: Ronald Reagan – economic expansion

15. B. Gorbachev and Reform • Mikhail Gorbachev took over USSR in 1985: – policy of openness (glasnost) – economic reform (perestroika)

16. Ronald Reagan “Tear Down this Wall,” Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate West Berlin, Germany June 12, 1987

17. C. Collapse of the Socialist Bloc • fall of Berlin Wall (1989) • collapse of Communist gov’ts • unification of Germany (1990) • collapse of USSR (1991) • Split up of countries: Yugoslavia (1991) Czechoslovakia (1992)

18. NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY Numerous ethnic groups – languages, customs, religions. Only half of 285 million were Russian Difficult to unite into one nation without fear or force Nationalism was stronger than communism – people wanted to rule themselves

19. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

20. D. Persian Gulf War (1990–1991) 1. Iraq invaded Kuwait (1990) for oil fields • Saudi Arabia asked for U.S. help • American forces led a coalition & drove Iraq out • Left Saddam Hussein in power… • Gulf War: U.S. emerged as global superpower

22. IV. Population Growth

23. A. Demographic Transition • population of Europe: doubled from 1850-1914 • economist Thomas Malthus argued pop. growth would outstrip food supply… • industrial societies experienced a demographic transition to lower fertility rates • Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy: negative growth! • least developed countries: pop. Explosion • China…1.3 billion; India…1.17 billion

24. Population Growth Rates

25. New Global Order

26. B. Global Poverty • 50% of world lives in poverty… less than $3 a day • “core” industrialized regions (U.S., W. Europe, Japan) dominate “periphery” regions • In the periphery: rural-urban migrations – creation of slums & shantytowns

27. Spread of Aids in Africa

28. C.New Technologies – computers… – planes Transnational Corporations: global production sites & markets – i.e.: Nike