The Age Of Religious Wars

1. The Age Of Religious Wars AP European History Chapter 12

2. Religious Wars? • “To kill a man is not to defend doctrine, but to kill a man” • Wars of Religion : • Conflict between Catholics & Protestants • Political struggle for power

3. Peace of Augsburg, 1555 • A region’s ruler determines the religion of the land

4. Struggles of the 16th Century • 1st half of 1500’s – Lutherans & Zwinglians struggled to secure rights & freedoms • 2nd half of 1500’s – Calvinists Sought recognition

5. “Politiques” • In the midst of religious strife, these rulers stressed: • 1. Political Unity • 2. Compromise • 3. Toleration or indifference in religious matters

6. Most Successful “Politique” • Queen Elizabeth I

7. Contrary to “Politiques” • Intolerant Rulers of the 16th century: • Mary I, England “Bloody Mary” • King Phillip II of Spain • Oliver Cromwell , England (chapter 13)

8. FRQ #3 Compare & Contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following (2002): Elizabeth I of England Queen Isabella of Spain Catherine de Medici of France Mary I (Tudor) of England

9. In France, Catholics and Protestants engaged in a civil war for power during the mid 1500’s.

10. French Protestants • were known as “Huguenots” • were Calvinist • By 1560, Huguenots made up 1/15th of entire population

11. 40% of French Nobility Embraced Calvinism • the French Huguenot Nobility sought: • 1. Rebellion against monarchy • 2. Political Power • Majority Resided in: Dauphine, Languedoc regions

12. October 18, 1534 • Protestants plastered Paris with anti- Catholic flyers • Mass arrests ensued • John Calvin driven to exile • 1540 Edict of Fontainbleau= subjected French Protestants to the inquisition

13. Khan Academy – Varieties of Protestantism; Huguenots https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6ZsIyKHTNI

14. French Conflict Began When… • Catholic French King Henry II Valois (R. 1547-1559) died in jousting accident (1559) • a lance pierced his visor… • Pierced left eye, thru brain, out right ear 

15. The Struggle for Power In France • Henry II’s Sickly 15 year old son Francis II inherited the throne • He died a year later… • Henry II’s Widow, Catherine de’ Medici acted as Queen Regent • Until younger sons were old enough to rule

16. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) • 3 Powerful Families Saw Opportunity and fought for Control of France: • 1. The Bourbons (Huguenots) • 2. The Montmorency-Chatillons (Huguenot) • 3. The Guises (Extreme Catholics)

17. Catherine de’ Medici • Her Father was grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent (Medici!) • At first she sought an alliance with Protestant Huguenots • Why? 2/5ths of nobles were Huguenots

18. Catherine de Medici Signed The… • January Edict, 1562 • And Granted Protestants • 1. freedom to worship publicly outside of towns • 2. privately within them

19. Catherine de Medici as a Politique • Tried to reconcile Catholic and Protestant Factions in France • Although Catholic, was tolerant of Huguenots for political reasons

20. Duke of Guise (Catholic Guise Family) • Massacred Protestant worshippers In 1562 • In Champagne • This event marked the beginning of the French Wars of Religion

21. Catherine Feared The Guises • Would the Guise family try to overthrow Catherine de Medici if she didn’t ally herself with them?

22. Political Intrigue… • The Huguenot Henry of Navarre (Bourbon Family) • Married Marguerite of Valois (Catholic)– Catherine de Medici’s sister in law!!! • August 20th, 1572

23. In a Panic, Catherine de Medici • Cemented her alliance with the Catholic extremists, the Guise Family

24. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • 3,000 Huguenots slaughtered in Paris • 20,000 Huguenots killed across France

25. Catherine & Guises • Planned the assassination of • Coligny, Protestant military leader • Coligny died during St. Bartholomew’s massacre

26. Henry III – Son of Henry II & Catherine de Medici • (r. 1574-1589) • Inherited French Throne & Civil War • He was Catholic • The Peace of Beaulieu, 1576 • Granted Huguenots almost complete religious freedom

27. Henry III Changed His Mind! • 1577 dissolved Peace of Beaulieu ! • He gave into political pressure of the Catholic League

28. Henry of Navarre • Protestant leader & a legal, alternative heir to the throne • Bourbon Family (Huguenot)

29. The 2 Henry’s Joined Forces • Henry III Created alliance with Henry of Navarre against Guises & Catholic League • Then Henry III was killed…by a Priest!

30. Henry of Navarre Declared Himself King of France (1589)! • Became “Henry IV” • Well Liked by people • Preached tolerance • Was a Huguenot • Was perceived as Humble • “politique”

31. Shocking Announcement! • On July 25th, 1593 Henry IV • ABANDONED the Protestant Faith!! • Converted to Catholicism ! • “Paris is worth a mass” – Henry IV

32. Regarding Henry IV’s Conversion • Huguenots were horrified • Catholics were skeptical

33. Henry IV’S Illegitimate Children • “Ladies Man” • 1. Gabrielle d’ Estrees- 3 children! • 2. Henriette de Balzac – 2 children! • 3. Jacqueline de Bueil – 1 child (she married someone else already pregnant) • 4. Charlotte des Essarts – 2 children

34. Edict of Nantes, 1598 • 1. Huguenots gained freedom of public worship • 2. Right of assembly • 3. Admission to public Universities • 4. Permission to Maintain fortified towns

35. Henry IV Assassinated, 1610 • Legacy- Trying to establish religious truce • His Edict of Nantes recognized minority religious rights for Huguenots • Catholicism remained the official religion in France after his death

36. Imperial Spain & Religious Policies • Isabella I (1451-1504): • Marriage with Ferdinand (1469) unified northern Spain • Goals: reduce power of nobility, increase power of the crown, gain southern Spanish territory • Catholic Identity – “Los Reyes Catolicos”

37. The Inquisition • Established 1480 by Isabella & Ferdinand • Political & Religious reasons • Series of investigations & trials against “non-believers”

38. Tomas de Torquemada • 1483 was named “Inquisitor General” • Responsible for establishing rules & inquisitorial procedure • Too much power? • Executed thousands

39. Victims of Inquisitorial Persecution • 1. Investigation • 2. Trial • 3. auto de fe – Public penance of condemned heretics.Mass – prayer- procession of the guilty- reading of sentences • 3. Punishment – case turned over to civil authorities who then chose death penalty. • * land/businesses confiscated

40. Victims of Inquisitorial Persecution • newly converted • Jews =“Conversos” • Muslims = “Moriscos” • Practicing faith in secret

41. Victims of Inquisitorial Persecution • Heretics- those who rejected Roman Catholic orthodoxy • Various Protestant groups • Sects:Alumbrados believed they could communicate with holy spirit, causing divine visions etc.

42. 1492 • “Mediterranean Diaspora” • Muslims & Jews who refused to convert to Catholicism • were Expelled from Spain by royal edict

43. Phillip II (r. 1556-1598) • Son of Charles V • Grandson of Juana la Loca & Felipe el Hermoso • Great Grandson of Isabella & Ferdinand

44. Phillip II of Spain’s World: • Spain, the Americas, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Netherlands • Increased wealth from new world = inflation

45. The Netherlands (Holland) • 1. Wealthy – trade rich ports, commercial cities (Antwerp) • 2. Diverse • 3. Independent • 4. Tolerant of various faiths

46. Revolt in the “Spanish” Netherlands” • Phillip II of Spain • Placed his ½ sister • Margaret of Parma as regent (ruler) of the Netherlands

47. Dutch Opposition to Spanish Rule • Phillip II & Margaret • Imposed decrees of the Council of Trent • Dutch unhappy • 1564 the Compromise- opposition to Spanish rule: • pledged to resist decrees of Council of Trent, Inquisition

48. Enter William of Orange…

49. William of Orange (1533-1584) • “The Silent” • Emerged as leader of independence movement in Netherlands • Catholic- then Lutheran- then Calvinist

50. 1566 Calvinist Riots • People of Netherlands asked German Lutherans & French Huguenots for help • Phillip II Sent Duke of Alba & his army of 10,000 to quell revolt