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Overview of Actuators: Types, Functions, and Applications in Mechanical Systems

This article explores the mechanisms of various actuators, including electric motors (AC, DC, and stepper motors), hydraulic and pneumatic actuators. It highlights how these devices convert signals from amplifiers and transducers into mechanical work, examining their structures, operation principles, and applications. Key topics include speed regulation in DC motors, the interaction of electromagnetic fields in AC motors, servo and stepper motor functionalities, and the significance of accuracy and reliability in actuator performance.

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Overview of Actuators: Types, Functions, and Applications in Mechanical Systems

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  1. Actuators -perform work made of: signal amplifier and the transducer converts it into mechanical work uses power source (electrical, hydraulic)

  2. N S + DC -- DC N S (a) commutator (split ring) (b) (c) rotor conducting brushes coil + DC -- DC N axle S N S field magnet (fixed on stator) + DC -- DC + DC -- DC Electric Motors: AC, DC, Stepper motors Structure of a DC motor: How it works:

  3. DC motor properties, applications Speed regulation = (no load speed – full load speed)/no load speed

  4. AC motors How it works: - current passedthrough stator coils - current creates an alternating electromagnetic field - induces an alternating current in the rotor coils - interaction of the two electromagnetic fields  driving torque Servo motors Electronically controlled, position feedback AC motors

  5. Stepper motors Rotate in discrete steps (e.g. 2 for each “step”) electronic control

  6. Stepper motors: micro-stepping Variable strength of magnetic field for more resolution

  7. Hydraulic actuators - Use high pressure oil - high power and forces - linear or rotary motors possible Example ? Hydraulic motor drive schematic

  8. Pneumatic actuators A Simple Discrete Control Example (pneumatic actuation)

  9. Actuator Characteristics accuracy: [statistical]: (mean value – actual value) precision: [statistical]: standard deviation reliability: [time-dependent, statistical]: mean failure rate

  10. Switches and Relays Switches Relay

  11. Encoders: measuring rotational position Common use: position feedback for servo-control Absolute position encoder (coded pattern) directional incremental encoder Incremental encoder

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