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Microbiology

Microbiology. DA 116 Infection Control. Study of microorganisms Small living organisms Important to know Pathogens = disease-causing microorganisms Also called microbes Prevent transmission of disease through infection control. Helpful or Harmful?. Equally: Helpful = non-pathogenic

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Microbiology

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  1. Microbiology DA 116 Infection Control

  2. Study of microorganisms • Small living organisms • Important to know • Pathogens = disease-causing microorganisms • Also called microbes • Prevent transmission of disease through infection control

  3. Helpful or Harmful? • Equally: • Helpful = non-pathogenic • Ex. Food products: Aged cheeses, wines, yogurt • Ex. Soil fertilization, production of life-saving drugs • Harmful = pathogenic • Ex. Infectious diseases • Dental Health Concerns • Dental caries = bacteria (streptocoocusmutans) • Periodontal disease = bacteria + protozoa

  4. Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Viruses

  5. Bacteria • Singular = bacterium • Good and bad • Can live independently under favorable environmental conditions • 98.6°, dark, moist • Some types require oxygen to grow and survive • Aerobic

  6. Bacteria: classified by shape • Cocci(sometimes described as spherical-shaped) • Chain-shaped • Streptococci • Strep throat, tonsillitis, pneumonia, endocarditis • Cluster-shaped • Staphylococci • Boils, skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis • Bacilli • Rod-shaped • Tuberculosis • Spirochetes (spirilla) • Spiral-shaped • Lyme disease, syphilis

  7. Bacterial Spores • Most resistant form of life known • Harmless spores used to test sterilization techniques in infection control • Caused by unfavorable conditions • Alive, but inactive • Cannot reproduce or cause disease • If conditions improve, become active and disease-causing • Examples: • Tetanus, tuberculosis, strep throat

  8. Protozoa • One-celled organisms • Do not cause disease • Live in hosts which can cause disease • intestinal infections • invade blood, lungs, liver or brain • Not usually dental office infection control concern

  9. Fungi • Plants • Mushrooms, yeasts, molds • Candidiasis • Common yeast found throughout body • Opportunistic • Affect very young, very old, or very ill patients • Oral candidiasis • white membranes on tissues throughout oral cavity • common under dentures

  10. Viruses • Tiny disease-causing organisms • Live and multiple only inside a host • Human, animal, plant, or bacteria • Invades host cell, replicates, and destroys host cell allowing virus cells to release into the body • Great concern to DHCW

  11. Characteristics of Viruses • Specificity: • some live only in certain cells • HIV • others affect only certain organs • Mumps = thyroid, pancreas, testicles, ovaries) • Latency: • Can be dormant for years and then reactivate • HIV and Hepatitis C “carriers” (3-5% of adults with HBV) • Dental Office Concern = herpes simplex • HSV 1 = lips, mouth, face • HSV 2 = genital area • Both can be found in oral or genital areas

  12. Treatment and Transmission of Viruses • Treatment: • Viruses can mutate to adapt to new situations • only symptoms, not infective cause (virus) • Immunization EVERY year • Infection control: easy to destroy in external environment • Transmission • Direct contact • Indirect contact • Insects • Contaminated food or water

  13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xSJckErbcc&feature=related

  14. Viral Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • Five types • HAV Hepatitis A food-borne (fecal/oral) immunization • HBV Hepatitis B blood-borne immunization • HCV Hepatitis C blood-borne • HDV Hepatitis D occurs in HBV or HCV carrier • (HBV immunization protects against HDV) • HEV Hepatitis E food or water-borne (fecal/oral) • Latency • HAV outside body for months • HBV 7 days and still transmit infection • HCV 16 hours – 4 days still transmit infection

  15. Transmission of Hepatitis Viruses • HAV and HEV • Fecal/oral • Contaminated food and water • Handwashing and clean food preparation methods • HBV and HCV • Bloodborne • Contaminated needles or sharps injuries • Sharing needles • Tattoos from contaminated needles or instruments • Infected mothers to newborns • HDV • Must have had HBV or HCV in the past

  16. HIV • Human immunodeficiency virus • Body’s immune system breaks down • Symptoms can include • fatigue, weight loss, fever and sweats, skin rashes, short term memory loss • HIV patient can remain healthy for years • Routes of transmission • Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk • AIDS • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome • Caused by HIV related serious illnesses and infections

  17. Always follow Standard Precautions! • Remember: • You cannot know which patients have some sort of infectious disease by • Looking at them • Talking to them • Reading their medical history forms • Even if they are your family or friends • Because: • Symptoms don’t always appear until after you’ve treated the patient, yet the patient can be contagious! • Symptoms in the blood aren’t visible at all!

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