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Chapter 7: Sedimentary Rocks

Chapter 7: Sedimentary Rocks. Introduction. What is a sedimentary rock? Sedimentary from “sedimentum” = to settle 5 vol% of Earth 75% of Earth’s surface B/c deposited at Earth’s surface Economically important e.g. coal, petroleum & fertilizers e.g. major sources of Fe, Al, Mn.

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Chapter 7: Sedimentary Rocks

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  1. Chapter 7: Sedimentary Rocks

  2. Introduction • What is a sedimentary rock? • Sedimentary from “sedimentum” = to settle • 5 vol% of Earth • 75% of Earth’s surface • B/c deposited at Earth’s surface • Economically important • e.g. coal, petroleum & fertilizers • e.g. major sources of Fe, Al, Mn

  3. Turning Sediment into Rock • Diagenesis: • From “dia” = change and “genesis” = origin • Collective term for chemical, physical & biological changes after deposition & during and after lithification • Lithification: • From “lithos” = stone and “fic” = making • Process by which unconsolidated sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks • Compaction: • The reduction of pore space due to high confining pressure • Cementation: • Precipitation of minerals in the pore spaces, binding the individual grains together

  4. Type of Sedimentary Rocks • Detrital (AKA Clastic) • A sedimentary rock derived from the accumulation of solid particles created from mechanical & chemical weathering • Chemical • A sedimentary rock derived from precipitation of dissolved substances produced largely from chemical weathering

  5. Detrital Sedimentary Rocks • Particle Size • Larger = more energy to move • Sorting • How similar the particle sizes • Well sorted = longer transporation time • Rounding • More round = more processing

  6. Shale

  7. Sandstone

  8. Weathering Rates of Sedimentary Rocks

  9. Conglomerate

  10. Coquina

  11. Breccia

  12. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks • Inorganically or organically produced • Biochemical • Common Organic Types • Limestone • Coquina • Chalk • Common Inorganic Types • Dolostone (AKA Dolomite) • Chert and Agate • Evaporites

  13. Dripstone

  14. Limestone

  15. Modern Reef Limestone Cliffs

  16. Chalk • Made up of microscopic organisms

  17. Agate A) Chert B) Flint C) Jasper

  18. Evaporites

  19. Coal

  20. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

  21. Sedimentary Environments • Deposition Environment = Sedimentary Environment • Geographic setting where sediment is accumulating • Types • Continental • Marine • Transitional

  22. Deposition Environments

  23. Continental Environments • Streams Glaciers Wind (aeolian)

  24. Marine Environments

  25. Transitional Environments

  26. Strata (beds) Bedding planes Cross-bedding Graded beds Ripple marks Mud cracks Fossils Strata & Bedding Planes Sedimentary Structures

  27. Cross-Bedding

  28. Graded Beds

  29. Ripple Marks

  30. Mud Cracks

  31. Fossils

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