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Central Nervous System Anatomy

This lesson delves into the functional anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS), including an overview of its major divisions: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. It covers important structures like the cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia, explaining their locations and general functions. Key terminology such as nucleus vs. ganglion and tracts vs. nerves is clarified. Additionally, fiber systems (commissural, association, and projection fibers) and their roles in CNS communication are described. Learn how these systems interconnect and influence basic functions, emotions, and memory.

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Central Nervous System Anatomy

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  1. Central Nervous System Anatomy Lesson 6

  2. Functional Anatomy: CNS • Major Divisions • Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain • Know structure name, location & general function • Major fiber systems • CNS vs PNS terminology • nucleus vs. ganglion • tracts vs. nerves ~

  3. Telencephalon - Cortex • Gray Matter • Somas and Dendrites (neuron cell bodies) • Organized in layers • some input, some output • Neocortex • 6 layers ~

  4. Telencephalon - Fiber Systems • White Matter - myelinated axons • 3 types of fiber systems • Commissural • Association • Projection ~

  5. Commissural Fibers • Interconnect homologous structures in the two hemispheres • Corpus Callosum • Anterior and Posterior • Hippocampal ~

  6. Anterior Anterior

  7. Forebrain Fibers Systems • Association Fibers • interconnect cortical areas within each hemisphere • Projection Fibers • all other *CNS fiber systems • Fornix • Corticospinal tract • Mammillothalamic tract • Naming convention ~

  8. Hemispheres Left Right Association Commissural Projection

  9. Subcortical: Limbic System • Emotion; Learning & Memory • Structures • Cingulate gyrus • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Mammilary bodies • Olfactory bulbs • Fornix ~

  10. Limbic System Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Fornix Thalamus Hypothalamus Amygdala

  11. Striatum Lenticular Nucleus Subcortical: Basal Ganglia • Extrapyramidal Motor System • Caudate • Putamen • Globus Pallidus • Claustrum ~

  12. Globus pallidus Putamen Caudate

  13. Forebrain Subcortical Areas • Diencephalon • Surrounds 3rd ventricle • Thalamus • sensory and motor relay nuclei • Hypothalamus • motivation & emotion ~

  14. Thalamus • Lateral Geniculate Nuclei • LGN • vision • Medial Geniculate Nuclei • MGN • audition • Ventroposterior Nuclei - VPL & VPM • Somatosensation ~

  15. Hypothalamus • 4Fs • Feeding • Fighting • fleeing, and ... • mating • Controls the pituitary gland ~

  16. Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Stalk

  17. Mesencephalon • Surrounds cerebral aqueduct • Tectum • Superior Colliculi - vision • Inferior Colliculi - audition • Tegmentum ~

  18. Thalamus Superior Colliculi Inferior Colliculi Tectum Tegmentum

  19. Tegmentum • Periaqueductal Gray • analgesia • Reticular Formation – • sleep and arousal • attention • Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra • motor system • Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) • reinforcement ~

  20. Reticular formation PAG Red Nucleus Substantia Nigra Cross-section of Tegmentum Dorsal Ventral Tegmental Area

  21. Metencephalon • Surrounds fourth ventricle • Pons • Sleep and arousal • Reticular formation • Cerebellum • coordinates movements ~

  22. Myelencephalon • Medulla • “Vital Centers” • Reticular formation • Pyramids ~

  23. Thalamus Medulla

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