Chapter 23 Nationalism In Europe

1. Chapter 23 Nationalism In Europe

2. Chapter 23 Section 1 Unification of Germany

3. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY • After Napoleon the Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation – a weak alliance of states headed by Austria. • Leading German states: Prussia and Austria

4. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY • In 1830 – Prussia created an economic union – the Zollverein- ended tariff barriers between German States and spurring economic development. Prussia became "a leader of German states” • Austria refused to join the economic union

5. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY • In 1848 the Frankfort Assembly wanted a unified Germany – offered the throne to Frederick William IV of Prussia. • He rejected it – did not want a throne offered by “the people”.

6. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY • one of the major obstacles to German unification was the presence of Austria— opposed attempts' at German unification • feared competition and the loss of influence • other countries in Europe also worried about a united Germany • small German states opposed unification- because they did not want to be dominated by Prussia • southern German states were Catholic and Prussia was Protestant

8. Prussia • Prussia will be the leader in the effort to unify German states • Prussia had a large disciplined army • controlled industrial area ofRuhr Valley • iron/steel industry • Prussian government supported militarismor the glorification of war

9. Prussia • William Iwas king of Prussia who will appoint Count Otto von Bismarck ashis prime minister and minister of foreign affairs

10. Otto von Bismarck • Bismarck nicknamed "Iron Chancellor" • will follow a policy of "blood and iron" • using warfare and the military • wanted a united Germany under Prussian controlHohenzollern family • a united Germany would be the most powerful country in Europe

11. Otto Von Bismarck • Bismarck believed in Realpolitikor politics of reality • take whatever political action necessary—Bismarck usually isolated opponent through diplomatic means prior to outbreak of war • power more important than principles • the end justifiedthe means

12. Wars for German Unification • three wars will increase Prussian prestige and power andpave way for German unity • the first step was to weaken Austria • Prussia will firstform a militaryalliance withAustria

13. Wars for German Unification • The two will fight a war against Denmark for control ofSchleswig-Holstein • Two duchies were under the personal rule of King Christian IX • the Danes will be defeated quickly (Treaty of Vienna) • Prussia willrule Schleswig • Austria Holstein

14. Wars for German Unification • Bismarck will thencause a war with Austria in 1866 known as the Seven Weeks' War(German Civil War) • Bismarck isolated Austria through diplomatic means • Prussia had superior weapons, brilliant military leadership, highly disciplined army

15. Wars for German Unification • aNorth German Confederationwas set up under the leadership of Prussia • only southern German states outside the control of Prussia.

16. Wars for German Unification • Franco-Prussian Warin 1870 • immediate cause for the outbreak of war was the vacant Spanish throne which had beenoffered to a Hohenzollern • Bismarck was able to provoke the Frenchin to declaring war by misrepresenting the Ems Dispatch- French and Prussian peopleboth thought they had been insulted • the southern German states joined Prussia againstthe French

17. Franco-Prussian War • Prussian army proved dominate again and captured Napoleon III forcing his abdication • Peace treaty (Treaty of Frankfurt) gave Germany the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine

18. Unified Germany • William I proclaimed Kaiseror emperor of Germany and established the Second Reich • First Reich had been Otto the Great's Holy Roman Empire

19. Chapter 23 Section 2

20. The German Empire • the new German constitution set up a two-house parliament • the upper house or Bundesrathad its members appointed by rulers of the German states (25 states) and the lower house or Reichstaghad its members elected by universal male suffrage • the upper house could veto any decision by the lower house but the Kaiser really determined government decisions • Prussians appointed to most of the top positions in government • instituted compulsory military service

21. The German Empire • Bismarck's political policies caused conflicts with Catholics throughout Germany—Catholics were a large minority who made up the Center Party(second strongest inReichstag)

22. The German Empire • in 1872 Bismarck launched an all out attack on the Catholic Church known as the "Kulturkampf' • theJesuit order was expelled from Germany • members of the clergy could not criticize the government • Catholic schools closed

23. The German Empire • Bismarck's efforts unified the German Catholics and he will be forced to repeal most of his anti-Catholic laws • needed their support against the Socialists

24. Bismarck’s political and social reforms • German liberals will gradually cometo support Bismarck who brought economic prosperity • economic growth benefited the middle-class and industrial "capitalists • German workers were not very happy • many workers began to support the German Social Democratic Party whichpromoted the ideas ofMarxist Socialism • public ownership of all land and all meansof production

25. Bismarck’s political and social reforms • Bismarck hated and feared socialism • Reichstag passed laws restricting Social Democrats • no publication of Socialist books or pamphlets • police had the right to break up socialist meetings • imprison socialist leaders • anti-socialist laws backfired

26. Bismarck’s political and social reforms • Bismarck changed tactics by introducing reforms to get workers to support the government • introduced accident, health, and old-age insurance • basic social security program established • Germany became a leader in early social welfare programs • William II will force Bismarck to resign

27. Chapter 23 Section 2 Unification of Italy

28. UNIFICATION OF ITALY • Italian nationalism had been spurred on by the French Revolution • at the Congress of Vienna Italy was left divided and almost totally under foreign rule • Austria ruled several areas • the Spanish Bourbons ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

29. UNIFICATION OF ITALY • Italian nationalists struggled for independence and unity throughout the 1830s and 1840s

30. Giuseppe Mazzini • Giuseppe Mazziniorganized the secret society called Young Italy who worked for the unification of Italy • spread ideals of the Risorgimento or "Resurgence" with the goals being liberation and unification of Italy

31. Camillo Cavour • Count Camillo Cavourhad takenpart in the Revolutionof 1848, which had failed torid Italy from foreign rule • Cavour will be appointed prime minister of Sardinia/Piedmont by King Victor Emmanuel IIin 1852 • both wanted Italy to be united and industrialized under Sardinia's leadership

32. Camillo Cavour • Cavour introduced rapid changes • Sardinia recognized as an emerging power in Europe

33. CRIMEAN WAR • the war will break out in 1854 • the war started because France and Great Britain did not want Russia to have too much influence over the weak Ottoman Empire

35. CRIMEAN WAR • Cavour believed that the greatest roadblock to Italian unification was Austria • believed that Italy needed to form an alliance with a Great Power in Europe to get rid of Austria • Cavour allied Italy with Great Britain and France against the Russians

36. AFTER THE CRIMEAN WAR • at the peace conference Cavour found an ally in Emperor Napoleon III ofFrance • the two signed a secret agreement in which France would help Sardinia in a war withAustria • Austria was tricked into declaringwar on Sardinia • the French and Sardinians defeated the Austrians in Lombardy which spurred other revolts against the Austrians in Italy • Sardinia received Lombardy but not Venetia from the Austrians

37. Unification of Southern Italy • Southern Italy also had a nationalist movement • the leader will be Giuseppe Garibaldi

38. Unification of Southern Italy • Garibaldi will lead a group of Italian nationalists known as the "Red Shirts" • Garibaldi's Red Shirts will drive the Spanish out of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • after taking Sicily Garibaldi invaded the mainland and marched north and gained control of Naples

39. Unification of Southern Italy • Garibaldi will turn his forces over to Victor Emmanuel II to avoid an Italian civil war • in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II will become the king of Italy • Austrians still controlled Venetia – Northern Italy • the Italians will join Prussia against Austria in the Seven Weeks' War (Austro-Prussian War) • Sardinia received Venetia in the treaty thus eliminating Austria from Italian affairs

40. Italy • problems developed for the new Italian state in 1870 • the Papal States were still independent of the new Italian state • much concern because the French maintained a garrison in Rome • as a result of the Franco-Prussian War the French withdrew their garrison from Rome and Italian soldiers moved into the city

41. Italy • in 1871 the Papal States became part of Italy • Roman Catholic Church upset over the loss ofcontrol and urged Catholics in Italy not to cooperate with their new government • The issue was settled by allowing the pope to maintain control of the Vatican

42. Italian Problems • the new Italy face many problems • divisions between the north (rich, industrial & more cities) and the south (agricultural and poor) with a growing population that found it hard to make a living on the worn out farm land.

43. Italian Problems • Under Victor Emmanuel Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two house legislature • The king appointed members to the upper house • they could veto bills passed by the lower house • The lower house was elected by the people but few men had the right to vote.

44. Italian Problems • Results: Socialist organized strike and anarchists tried sabotage and violence. The government was forced to extend voting rights and improve social conditions.

45. Chapter 23 Section 4 Nationalism and the Hapsburgs

46. The Hapsburgs • In 1800 the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe • They controlled Austria, parts of Bohemia & Hungary, parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, & northern Italy

47. The Hapsburgs • Emperor Francis I and his foreign minister Count Metternich suppressed the liberals • Newspapers were censored & limited industrial development • By 1840s factories were starting and the Hapsburgs now faced the problems of the industrial age • growth of cities, workers discontent, & socialism

48. Problems with the nationalists • they had an empire of 50 million people 25 % German speaking • almost 50 % made up of different Slavic groups (Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians Romanians, Serbs, Croats, & Slovenes) – it also included Hungarians & Italians.

50. Early Reforms • Francis-Joseph becomes emperor - 18 years old – would rule until 1916. • 1859 – Austria defeated by France and Sardinia – realized they needed change