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MWH – The Cold War. Goal – to understand how the US and USSR responded to the perceived threats from each other during the early Cold War and to evaluate the effectiveness of these responses. Warm-up – Write a detailed definition of the Cold War
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MWH – The Cold War Goal – to understand how the US and USSR responded to the perceived threats from each other during the early Cold War and to evaluate the effectiveness of these responses. Warm-up – Write a detailed definition of the Cold War • Review description of the Cold War – complete page 3 to review WWII • Make a timeline – six levels • Notes on the key events and policies in the early cold war – Use page 1 to take notes • End of WWII • Yalta Conference • Potsdam conference • Differing and competing goals of US and USSR • Truman Doctrine and Containment • Marshall Plan • Berlin Airlift • NATO vs Warsaw Pact • Brinkmanship and the arms race • For one of the key “containment” events, draw a critical cartoon from the communist perspective showing how the communists would have perceived the actions taken by the US.
What was the Cold War? The Cold War was a 45 year period of conflict, competition and cooperation between two global superpowers – the US and the USSR. • This Cold War was characterized by • NO direct military fighting between the US and the USSR • An ARMS RACE to see who could get the most advanced, powerful and dangerous military hardware – most specifically – NUCLEAR WEAPONS • A race to see who could develop the most advanced rocketry and take control of space – a SPACE RACE • Competition for political/diplomatic/economic influence in • Europe – division of Europe by the “Iron Curtain” NATO v Warsaw Pact alliances • Then Asia – Chinese Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam War, Afghanistan • Then the oil-producing Middle East – overthrow of Iranian gov’t • Then South and Central America and Africa – Guatemala and nicaragua • The competition SURROGATE WAR often involved arming smaller allies to fight against the other superpower (USSR supplying the Vietcong against the US in Vietnam, or the US supplying the Mujahedin in Afghanistan against the USSR) –or- arming allies against the other’s allies like US-Israel vs USSR-Syria.
Defeat of Germany Stalingrad
Cold War Timeline Mid-East Events East Asia Events USSR Events 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 US Events Western Hemisphere Events Africa Events
Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945 –Stalin, FDR and Churchill met to discuss plans for the end of WWII. Agreed: • Germany would be divided into 4 parts • USSR to enter war against Japan for some islands • create a UN • USSR will allow elections in E. Europe especially in Poland
Potsdam (July 1945) Truman, Stalin and Churchill (Atlee halfway through conference) - division of Germany - USSR to enter war against Japan - disagreement over elections (Stalin essentially cancelled elections) - agreed that Germany would be demilitarized and its war industries destroyed - disagreement over war reparations from Germany and future of Germany - Stalin and Truman don’t like or trust each other
Communism • no private property • No political choice • Little personal choice • No god • Totalitarian gov’t • Worldwide revolution against capitalism VS. American system • private property • Elections & free assembly • Personal choice • Freedom of religion (lots of god) • Limited gov’t • Spread “democracy” and capitalism
Europe After WWII: Competing Aims • US aims • Democracy and capitalism as practiced by the US allows for freedom of property ownership and participation in government. • The US wanted freed trade such that the US would BUY resources and then sell manufactured products. • The US wanted other countries to have freedom of action, and then choose to want to trade with the US, • US wanted Germany to be strong so that it would not fall under totalitarianism as it had after WWI. • Soviet aims • Communism under the USSR did not allow for any of these things, thus being complete opposites and unable to work together. • The USSR wanted to take what it wanted and generally did not sell anything. (It did sell things to its allies in some cases). • the USSR wanted its neighbors to have no choice but to act as defenders of the USSR territory • USSR wanted to punish Germany and keep it weak so it would not attack USSR again. Where is the Iron Curtain? The two countries could not economically relate because the two systems were entirely incompatible.
Who is at Fault for the Cold War? • USSR at fault • failed to live up to promises • No free elections • Used force to put “communist” regimes in E. Europe • Failed to remove troops from Iran • Threatened to spread communism • Civil war in Greece led by communist rebels • Threats to Turkey’s straits to Med. • Spy ring found in Canada looking for nuclear secrets • US at fault • Truman did not live up “understanding” of Soviet sphere in E. Europe • Truman tried to intimidate Stalin • US was hypocritical in keeping its Western Hemi. Sphere of influence • Truman declared the cold war
Reasons Soviets can be blamed • Stalin broke his promise to hold Free elections in Poland and established a communist government under his control there instead. • Supported forces in Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary and established communist governments under Soviet control there, too. • Annexed the Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) • Refused, at first, to withdraw troops from Iran • Put pressure on Turkey to give USSR control of the straits leading from Med to Black Sea • Set up Spy Rings in Canada in order to steal atomic secrets from the west. • Communists were trying to overthrow the government in Greece • Stalin gave a threatening speech…Capitalism…weaponry • Soviet-backed communists seized control of Czechoslovakia
Reasons US can be blamed • Truman was deeply suspicious of the Soviets • Truman made a big deal out of Soviet control of Eastern Europe after Churchill and Roosevelt had agreed it was within the Soviet Sphere of Influence. • Truman tried to intimidate Stalin with Atomic Bomb • Truman made it appear that the Soviets were a threat to the whole world. He declared the Cold War in his Truman Doctrine
Truman Doctrine – March 12, 1947 Containment Policy – a statement of US foreign policy generally to oppose the spread of Soviet influence. Specifically it was an argument to Congress to scare them into approving spending $400million to help Greece and Turkey in 1947. Purpose – to stop the spread of Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey, and then the rest of the world. Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and thus further supported “Communist” governments throughout the world including China and Korea. Evaluation of success – the doctrine was successful in Greece, Turkey, Western Europe, (Including Berlin) and Korea. But failed in China, North Korea, Vietnam and Cuba
Post War Devastation Marshall Plan rebuilds the town
Marshall Plan – proposed 1947, passed into law April 3, 1948 Policy – a Congressional law called the Foreign Assistance Act that authorized the US government to spend up to $13billion over 4 years in Europe. Purpose – 1. to stop the spread of Soviet influence in Europe, 2. To help Europe rebuild after the devastation of WWII, 3. To link countries together through trade to help prevent war, 4. To help the US economy grow. Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and thought the US was trying to undermine their system and turned down the aid for the USSR and Eastern Europe. Evaluation of success – the most successful foreign policy ever implemented by the US – all goals were achieved
Berlin Airlift – June 1948-May 1949 Policy – 11 months of 277,000 flights into Templehof airport containing supplies of oil, coal, food and clothing. Purpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in Berlin, to prevent the fall of Berlin to the communists, to show the world our resolve in containing communism and to keep a bastion of democracy behind the Iron curtain. Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened but did not want war, so finally backed down and let West Berlin stay connected to West Germany Evaluation of success – very successful, all goals achieved. Led to strong economic, military and political ties with Germany to this very day. US still has major military bases in Germany
NATO NATO Flag Map of Expansion of NATO – US and Canada were original founding members of the alliance not depicted on map
Creation of NATO –1949 Policy – military alliance linking Canada and US to Western Europe Purpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in W. Europe, to help prevent war in Europe, and to act as a mutual defense arrangement, protecting its members from Soviet aggression. Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and created the Warsaw Pact in 1955 Evaluation of success – very successful, all goals achieved. NATO still exists today, protecting the peace in Europe. No NATO countries fell to communism. But helped to lead to the arms race and the development and deployment of dangerous weapons in Europe and the world.
Nuclear Arms Race 1. Reliance on nuclear weapons to keep the peace (deter war) based on concept of MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction). 2. If war came, both sides hoped to destroy other side's nuclear weapons before they could be used. 3. Neither side could allow the other to get too far ahead - an arms race developed.
Bomb Picture ’62 H-bomb test on Christmas Island ’52 H-bomb test Ivy King 2 – 550kt 12 million tons of earth moved by blast ’62 104 kt 635 ft underground test made this 1280ft wide 320ft deep crater
strategy of "Massive Retaliation" 1. Idea of John Foster Dulles (Sec. of State) 2. Implied U.S. would use nuclear weapons in response to any act of communist aggression. 3. Was the U.S. bluffing? 4. Dulles said it was sometimes necessary to "go to the brink." 5. Critics called the idea brinkmanship” and said it was way too dangerous. 6. Proved to be impractical.
Chinese Civil War VS. Guo Mindong – Chinese Nationalist Party led by: CCP – Chinese Communist Party led by: US tried to mediate war: but then helped Jiang Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi
Support for Jiang Jieshi’s Guo Mindong (the Nationalists) government in China Policy – military and economic assistance to Chinese government of President Jiang Jieshi Purpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in China by giving military hardware and training to the Nationalist Army and to give economic aid so that Jiang’s government would be successful in helping his people Soviet reaction – Soviets and Chinese Communists felt threatened Soviets briefly aided Mao Zedong’s Communists, and helped to lead to Korean War Evaluation of success – failed – the Communists under Mao Zedong won the civil war in 1949 and kicked the Guo Mindong to Taiwan.
Korean War - Active map of Korean War Policy – military invasion by US and UN forces Purpose – to stop the spread of communism into South Korea by defending South Korea after it was attacked by North Korea under the leadership Kim Il Sung Soviet reaction – Soviets were happy that the US interest was not solely focused on Europe. Chinese Communists felt threatened and entered to war on NK side in November 1950. Continued animosity between US and China for 20 more years. Evaluation of success – a success when looking at main goal of defending South Korea, which did not fall to communists and is an independent successful democracy today. But a failure if viewed as intending to rid all of Korea of communist control.
