This report examines the environmental challenges faced by the Big Sioux River and Lake Kampeska, particularly focusing on nutrient loading, algal blooms, and stream bank erosion. It reviews the impacts of stormwater runoff, highlighting the serious pollution risks it poses to local ecosystems and human health. The study is part of the Stormwater Phase II Program aimed at addressing these issues through community education, public involvement, and specific pollution control measures mandated by the EPA. Data collection through GIS technology and field sampling helped to identify key pollution sources and mitigation strategies.
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EPA Identified Problems with Lake Kampeska • Nutrient loading of phosphorus, nitrogen and sediment. • Massive algae blooms • Extensive stream bank erosion • Suspended Solids in the lake • Lake Kampeska is hypereutrophic • Average sediment depth is nine feet, or over 52 million cubic yards
Step one - get the facts Chad Foust from The Upper Big Sioux Water Shed Project problems with storm water run-off consequences on the environment possible penalties for our city
Storm Water • Storm water runoff effects the Big Sioux River
What is storm water? • Storm water is surface runoff from precipitation events • Enters the cities storm sewers.
Where Storm Run Off Comes From • Storm water is surface runoff from precipitation events • Second it runs through the streets picking up all the trash, dirt, and pet waste that may be lying around. • It finds a storm drain and follows it to a river, lake, or ocean. • In the river, lake, or ocean, all that garbage that was with it is now in our rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Stormwater Phase II Program • March 9, 2008 is the end of Watertown's initial Stormwater Phase II Program. • This program is designed to get municipalities to begin working on their stormwater issues without consequences from EPA. • Beginning on March 10, 2008, Watertown will be under the eye of EPA.
Stormwater Phase II Program • The program contains what are called six minimum control measures that each municipality must work on. • These measures are: • Public education and outreach • Public participation/involvement • Illicit discharge detection and elimination • Construction site stormwater runoff control • Post-construction stormwater management • Pollution prevention/good housekeeping for municipal operations
Stormwater Phase II Program • Potential consequences • EPA will look at what degree Watertown is working on each of the control measures and act accordingly. • Penalties can vary due to circumstances, but the maximum penalty per day can reach up to $25,000. • Watertown was notified of its stormwater status in early 2002 and work officially began on March 10, 2003.
Stormwater Phase II Program • The city is taking a number of different approaches to the control measures: • Chad Foust is working on the public education and participation measures through educational programs. • The city is working with local construction companies, concrete providers, and other businesses to promote a change in the way that they do things. • The city has also contracted with a consulting firm to periodically come in and gauge how we are doing and give advice on where to go next.
Step 1 -Ask geographic questions Step 2 - Acquire geographic resources Step 3 - Explore geographic data Step 4 - Analyze geographic data Step 5 - Act upon geographic knowledge Geographic Inquiry Process
Our Geographic Questions • What effect does storm water runoff have on the Big Sioux River? • Where are the outlets of storm sewers into the Big Sioux River?
GIS Layers • Used in ArcMap to make maps • Big Sioux tributaries • Big Sioux river • SD cities • Codington county city limits • South Shore • Kranzburg • Florence • Codington County aerial photo • Watershed Layer
Identified Data we needed • We identified that we needed to find the levels of pH, Nitrates, hardness, phosphates, and dissolved oxygen in the Big Sioux River. • We also identified the location of storm sewers in the City of Watertown. • We identified the acceptable levels of above.
Step two - field trip We went to Riverside Park and the Frisbee golf course. We collected water samples. We tested the water for levels of nitrates, phosphates, ph, dissolved oxygen, and hardness. We also caught a fish and named it Reptar.
Step three - analyzing data • Tested water samples in science class • Nitrates • Phosphates • Ph • dissolved oxygen • hardness
Problems we were able to test • Nutrient Loading – phosphate, nitrates and turbidity. • Massive algae blooms • Water has been tested for pH, hardness, dissolved O2, phosphates, and nitrates
Step four - research • We researched what all our data meant and created ArcMap documents.
pH • pH determines how acidic or basic the water is. • If pH is high it means that water is basic • If pH is low it means that the water is acidic and if it comes into contact with certain chemicals then it makes them more toxic than normal and harms fish • If pH levels are not neutral, they need to be treated for drinking purposes
Phosphates • Phosphates are chemicals usually found in fertilizers that help stimulate growth and when it rains they enter the water way. • If phosphates are high it means algae and plants will grow wildly, choke the waterway, and use up large amounts of oxygen. • If phosphates are low it means the lake is uncontaminated • If phosphates are high can kill aquatic organisms and fish
Nitrates • Nitrates are a naturally occurring form of nitrogen found in soil • If nitrates are high, 40 ppm, it is unsafe to drink • If nitrates are low, 4 ppm it means that the water is unpolluted • Nitrates effect the amount of oxygen in the blood and can cause blue baby syndrome in infants • Nitrates stimulate the growth of plankton and water weeds, especially algae, and provide food for fish. • Without nitrates water life will die.
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