Section 1: Physical Geography Section 2: Colombia Section 3: Venezuela Section 4: The Guianas

1. CHAPTER 15 Caribbean South America Section 1:Physical Geography Section 2:Colombia Section 3:Venezuela Section 4: The Guianas

2. Maps of South America Caribbean South America Physical Political

4. Section 1 Physical Features • Rugged landscapes and dense forests separate the populations in this region. • In the west- the Andes Mts. rise above 18,000 ft. - the Andes form a cordillera – a system of parallel mtn. ranges • There are many active volcanoes

5. Angel Falls was named after Jimmy Angel, an American bush pilot and gold-hunting adventurer, who discovered it in 1937. The waters fall freely some 807 meters (2,648 feet) It is the tallest waterfall in the world. Angel Falls, Venezuela

6. In the east – the Guiana Highlands form many unusual formations called tepius. • The tepius form when some of the rock erodes and some does not

7. Between the two uplands are the plains of the Orinoco River Basin. • These plains called the Llanos, are in eastern Colombia and western Venezuela. • The Guiana Highlands slope down to a fertile plain in Guiana and French Guiana. • The Orinoco is the longest river, 1,281 miles.

8. Vocabulary (Sec 1) • Cordillera – mountain system made up of parellel ranges • Tepuis – formations in the steep sided plateaus of the Guiana Highlands that have been eroding for years • Llanos – vast plains of eastern Colombia and western Venezuela (2:57)

9. The river is home to meat-eating fish called piranhas, catfish and 20 ft. crocodiles.

10. Elevation Zones

11. Climate - 5 Elevation Zones in the Andes • Tierra helada – above 16,000 ft. – always snow covered • Paramo – 10,000 to 16,000 ft. – potatoes, grasslands, hardy shrubs and grazing • Tierra fria – 6,000 to 10,000 ft. – potatoes, wheat, oats, barley, beans, corn, rye • Tierran templada – 3,000 to 6,000 ft. – coffee, corn, cotton, potatoes, sugarcane,tobacco • Tierra caliente – sea level to 3,000 ft. – bananas, cacao, rice, sugarcane

12. Resources • Good soil for rich agriculture • Oil, iron ore, bauxite • Lowlands provide forests for timber • Sea coasts – fish and shrimp • Some rivers produce hydro electric power

13. SECTION 1 Climates Major Landforms and Rivers Caribbean South America Vegetation Natural Resources Physical Geography tierra caliente tierra templada tierra fría paramo tierra helada Andes Llanos Guiana Highlands Orinoco River sugarcane, bananas, mountain forests, coffee, potatoes, wheat, grasslands good soil, oil, iron ore, bauxite, timber, fish and shrimp

14. South America Physical Geography (6:28)

15. Section 2 - Colombia – Early History • Advanced cultures have lived in Colombia for more than 1,500 years • The Chibcha people had a well developed civilization – practiced pottery, metal working – made fine gold objects • They inspired the legend of El Dorado

17. Spanish Conquest • At about 1500, Spanish explorers arrived in Caribbean South America • The Spanish seized the treasure • Enslaved the Indians • Set-up large estates

18. Independence • In the late 1700’s people in Central and South America struggled for independence • In 1830 the area became New Granada and then Colombia • Violent struggles for control continued through the 1900’s. • Today, Colombia is the areas most populous country.

19. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada, 1536-9 Nicolaus Federmann, 1537-9 Sebastin de Belalczar, 1538-9 Inspired by gold Expeditions through Colombia Early Spanish Expeditions

20. The Legend of ‘El Dorado’ • Ancient rituals when appointing new ruler • Gold and treasures • Lake Guatavita • Attempts made to drain lake • Never found treasures

21. Kaldi the goatherder Goats eating red beans from bushes Lively goats Kaldi up all night Legend of Coffee

22. Also called Cinchona One of the rainforest’s most important discoveries (1640s) cures Malaria, a blood parasite mosquitoes Quinine Bark

23. Malaria Question: What can you say about the countries that are at risk of Malaria?

24. SECTION 2 coffee bananas cassava flowers oil iron ore, gold, coal, tin, emeralds regional isolation cultural diversity traditional cultures Roman Catholicism soccer tejo Colombia Aspects of the Economy Aspects of Culture Colombia Today

25. The Colombian Way of Life (24:10)

26. Section 3: Venezuela

27. Main Idea Questions (cont.) • Venezuela’s revolt against Spain was led by Simon Bolivar. • Spanish settlers had to learn agriculture because they found very little gold that they came for.

28. Vocabulary • Indigo – a plant used to make a deep blue dye • Caudillos – Venezuela’s military leaders • Llaneros – cowboys of the Venezuelan Llanos • Pardos – people of mixed African, European, and South American Indian ancestry

29. Slash-and-burn agriculture in the Amazon rain forest of Peru

30. Maize planted on former rainforest land

31. Overhead view of clear-cutting for slash-and-burn agriculture in the Peruvian Amazon

32. How many species are in South American Countries? Crocodile Species

34. Piranha • Up to 60 cm long – most smaller • Razor sharp teeth • Prey on dead fish • Rarely attack live prey • Sensitive to blood in water / feeding frenzy • Rivers in Eastern and Central South America

35. SECTION 3 Venezuelan Culture Venezuela Ancestry Language • Pardos constitute a majority of the population. • Venezuelan Indians are a small minority. • Spanish is the official language. • More than 25 other languages are spoken. Religion Sports and Leisure • Most Venezuelans are Roman Catholic. • Venezuelan Indian religions are practiced. • Joropo is the national dance. • Baseball, soccer, and toros coleados are popular sports.

36. Venezuela Today (23:29)

37. Section 4: Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname

38. Section 4 - Early History of the Guianas • Rugged highlands and rainforests dominate and isolate the three countries known as the Guianas • Spain was the first European country to claim the Guianas • Later on, Great Britain, France and the Netherlands developed settlements

39. Former British colony Only English speaking country 1/3 pop. descended from African slaves 1/2 pop. Indentured Indian agricultural workers – after slavery Ethnic tensions between groups The Rivers of Guianas Guyana

40. French Guiana

41. French Guiana • French Guiana is treated like a “state” of France • Prisoners use to be sent to a prison called “Devils Island.” • Economic activities are forestry and shrimp fishing • The town of Kourou was developed into a space center for the European Space Agency

42. Main Idea Question • Colonists in the Guinanas brought indentured servants because slavery had been outlawed by European countries, and settlers needed a new source of labor. • Early settlers in the Guianas raised Coffee, tobacco, cotton, and sugarcane.

43. Wars fought in Europe often determined who controlled these countries • Europeans established coffee, tobacco, sugar cane plantations • They brought Africans to work as slaves • In the mid 1800’s, indentured servants were brought from India, China and Southeast Asia • They developed pidgin language

44. Vocabulary • Indentured servants – people who agree to work for a certain length of time often for travel expenses • Pidgin languages – a simple language so that people who speak different languages can understand each other (3:32)

45. Guianas Today • These countries are now known as Guyana (formerly British Guyana), Suriname (Dutch) and French Guiana • Guyana means “land of waters.” • Agriculture is along the coastal plains • The population is very diverse • The capital of Guyana is Georgetown

46. Suriname

47. Suriname • Suriname farms are along the coasts. • Major exports are lumber and aluminum • The capital is Paramaribo • Very diverse – South Asians, Africans, Chinese, Indonesians and people of mixed heritage

49. SECTION 4 The Guianas The Guianas COUNTRIES THAT INFLUENCED THE GUIANAS Spain Great Britain Netherlands France

50. CHAPTER 15 Chapter Wrap-Up 1. What are the five common elevation zones in the Andes region? 2. What are the three resources found in Caribbean South America? 3. How did geography affect political upheavals throughout the history of Colombia? 4. Why did Venezuela revolt against Spanish colonial rule? 5. How does the political status of French Guiana differ from that of Guyana and Suriname?