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Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia . Russia ’ s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars . Russia emerged as a new power in Eastern Europe after it gained independence from Mongol control. Liberation effort began in the 14 th century.

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Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia

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  1. Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia

  2. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars • Russia emerged as a new power in Eastern Europe after it gained independence from Mongol control. • Liberation effort began in the 14th century. • Under Ivan III (Ivan the Great), Russia gained independence in 1462 CE. • Ivan III organized a strong military, freed Russians from payments to Mongols and gained territory.

  3. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars • Economic life was slow. • Trade was down, limited manufacturing • Purely an agricultural economy • Ivan III married the niece of a Byzantine emperor. • Asserted control over all Orthodox churches. • Called himself tsar (or Caesar). • Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) continued territorial expansion. • Killed opposition.

  4. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars • Territorial expansion focused on Central Asia to push Mongols back. • Recruited cossacks (peasant military were recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in empire). • Expansion offered rewards for tsars, Tsars gave nobles and bureaucrats estates on new land. • Tsars had contacts with Western Europe. • Helped free Russia from Mongols • Ivan III (Ivan the Great) had diplomatic missions to Western Europe. • Ivan III thought Russia was the successor of the Byzantine Empire, meaning Russia was the 3rd Rome • Ivan IV established trading contacts. • Exchanged manufactured products for fur and raw materials.

  5. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars • Time of Troubles • Ivan IV died without an heir. • New claims to power by boyars (nobles). • Attacks from Sweden and Poland. • Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917 CE) • Michael Romanov (1st Romanov) reestablished internal order. • Drove out invaders. • Expanded borders. • Alexis Romanov (2nd Romanov) • Gained new power over the church.

  6. Russia’s First Westernization, 1690-1790 • Peter I (Peter the Great) built up tsarist control and expanded territory. • Wanted to move country into Western orbit, but didn't’t want it to become western. His policies helped the nobility • Autocratic • Chancery of Secret Police • Attacked Sweden; secured an ice-free port • Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg

  7. Russia Under Peter the Great. From 1696 to 1725, Peter the Great allowed his country only one year of peace. For the rest of this reign he radically changed the form of his government to pursue war. By the end, he had established his much-desired “Window on the West” on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, where he founded the new city of St. Petersburg.

  8. Russia’s First Westernization, 1690-1790 • Improvements in political organization • Tried to streamline Russian bureaucracy • Altered military structures • Revised tax system • Economic developments • Built up mining industries • Landlords rewarded for using a serf system • No interest in building worldwide economy, brought hostile responses. • Cultural change • Encouraged upper-class women to wear Western-styled clothing • Required males to shave their beards • Westernization of Russia

  9. Russia’s First Westernization, 1690-1790 • Peter the Great died in 1724 • Several decades of weak rule • Peter III took the throne in 1761 and his wife Catherine II (Catherine the Great) defend the monarchy, she ruled. • Catherine II (defender of monarchial powers) • Pugachevrebellion – 1773-1775 peasant uprising • Installed as empress in 1762 CE • “Instruction of 1767” – new modern law code supporting the monarchy • Service aristocracy and gave new power to serfs. • Centralized government, yielded control of nobility

  10. Russia’s First Westernization, 1690-1790 • Catherine II • Patronized Western-style art and architecture • Continued Russian expansion • Siberia, Alaska, Northern California • Politics in Europe • Partition of Poland in 1772, 1793, 1795 • Eliminated Poland as an independent state • By 1798, Russia had the largest land empire in the world.

  11. Themes in Early Modern Russia History • Serfdom: The Life of East Europe’s Masses • By 1800, half of people in Russia were serfs. • Power of nobles over serfs steadily increased • Was a way for government to satisfy the nobility and regulate peasants • Serfdom was very close to slavery. • Serfs paid high taxes, were illiterate and poor. • Grain surpluses

  12. Themes in Early Modern Russia History • 95% of Russia was rural . • Russia was able to support an expanding state and empire because their economy produced enough money. • Population doubled in 18th century to a total of 36 million people. • Limitations: • Agricultural methods were highly traditional. • Peasants were unmotivated because extra production was taken by landlords.

  13. Themes in Early Modern Russia History • Social Unrest • Recurring peasant rebellions • Pugachev Rebellion • He was a Cossack chieftan who claimed to be the legitimate tsar • Promised to end serfdom, taxation, military conscription, abolish landed aristocray • Forces roamed all over Russia until defeated • Pugachev was cut into pieces in Moscow’s public square

  14. Russia and Eastern Europe • Eastern Europe • Some groups, like Balkans, will have growing trade and cultural exchanges • Poland, and Czech and Slovak regions, operate almost fully within Western cultural orbit • Many smaller eastern European nationalities lost political autonomy during period; Hungary became part of Habsburg Empire

  15. Sample Questions • In order to accomplish her domestic goals, Catherine the Great • Followed Enlightenment ideas and democratized her government • Supported peasant demands for reform and free land • Abolished serfdom and slavery • Supported the French Revolution when it broke out • Allied with the nobles and gave them absolute control over their peasants.

  16. Question • The greatest source of social unrest in early modern Russia was • Noble opposition to westernization • The clergy and religious opposition to the non-Christian minorities • Rapid growth of towns and factories • The lack of real reform and especially rights for the serfs • Caused by intellectuals and radicals opposed to the tsars’ authority

  17. Question • Russia did not experience either the Renaissance or the Reformation because • Russia did not exist at the time of either movement • Russia was engaged in a long war with the Ottoman Empire • Both revolutions were confined to Italy • Mongol rule cut Russia off and isolated her from Western contacts • Russia had no intellectual elites able to understand either movement

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