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Urbanization

Urbanization. Crime & Deviance Race & Ethnicity. "The Chicago School" & The Impact of Urbanization . Three Waves of Migration (1930s-40s) “Classical” Rural to Urban From Europe (especially Eastern Europe) “Classical,” part II Rural Black Farmers. Chicago Growth , 1850-1940.

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Urbanization

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  1. Urbanization Crime & Deviance Race & Ethnicity

  2. "The Chicago School" & The Impact of Urbanization • Three Waves of Migration (1930s-40s) • “Classical” • Rural to Urban • From Europe (especially Eastern Europe) • “Classical,” part II • Rural Black Farmers

  3. Chicago Growth, 1850-1940

  4. Chicago Growth, 1850-1940

  5. Increased Pluralism • Added Importance to: • Race • A social category based upon some inherited, biological characteristic • Ethnicity • A social category based upon some cultural trait or characteristic

  6. Pluralism (cont’d) • Contributes to: • Stereotypes: • simplified, rigid mental images of what members of certain groups are like • Discrimination: • the unequal treatment of certain people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender

  7. Chicago School & Settlement Patterns • “Ecology” of the city • Process of invasion & settlement of a territory • Concentric Zones • Zone 1: Central Business District • Newcomers: settle in Zone 2 (the zone in transition) • “Natural Areas”

  8. Immigration & Assimilation • Assimilation: • "a process of cooperation in which one ethnic group loses its identity" • Differences between 1st and 2nd Generation Immigrants

  9. Social Disorganization • Louis Wirth, “Urbanism as a Way of Life” • The city as a troubled place • Especially Zone 2 • The zone in transition • Crime, mental illness, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc. • Crude crime rate (#crimes/1000) • Always highest in zone 2

  10. Why Do People Deviate? • Biological & Psychological Attempts to Explain • Inherited inferiorities/abnormalities • Physique • Phrenology • XYY • Minority of Cases

  11. A Note on Causality • Correlation • “X” and “Y” are always found together in time and space • Temporality • “X” always precedes “Y” • Intervening Variables? • “X”  “Z”  “Y”

  12. Sociological Explanation of Crime & Deviance • Not biological, not psychological • Time in zone in transition = 4-7 years • Over time, population turns over • But crime & deviance rates consistently highest in zone 2 • Social Disorganization (Wirth et al.) • Not individuals; not biology, not psychology

  13. Sociological Explanations (cont’d) • Thorstein Sellin: cultural conflict • Frederick Thrasher: gang activity • Daniel Bell: “Crime as an American Way of Life”

  14. Sociological Explanations of Crime/Deviance Since Chicago School • Edwin Sutherland • Differential Association • Gresham Sykes & David Matza • Techniques of Neutralization • Robert Merton • Anomie • Deviance and Opportunity Structures

  15. Merton & Anomie

  16. Durkheim: Crime & Deviance are Functional • Universal, so necessary • Society of monks • Boundary Maintenance • Group Solidarity • Innovation • Tension Reduction

  17. Labeling Theory • Howard Becker & Edwin Lemert • Not the act, but the societal reaction • Secondary deviance (Lemert) • Deviance varies across: • Time • Situation • Culture & Society

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