Chinese and mexican Revolutions

1. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c1900 to the Present Chinese and mexican Revolutions

2. Chinese revolution

3. China Revolution - Background • China was dominated by imperialist powers • Chinese gov’t was conservative and anti-foreign (remember the Boxer Rebellion!) • BUT…Gov’t was blamed by many Chinese for being weak due to the domination of foreigners

4. Chinese Revolution (1911-1912) • In response to the decline of the Qing • Failed to modernize China • Didn’t confront foreign powers • Series of uprising and revolts mostly fought by peasants (as is the case in the decline of EVERY Chinese dynasty) • Leadership is based on cooperation between intellectual elite (including Communists) and provincial Chinese warlords. • The Guomingdang (Nationalist) Party is formed

5. China (Civil War) - Roots • 1912 - China becomes a republic under Sun Yat-sen, a medical doctor and early organizer of the Chinese opposition • But, Chinese warlords overthrown the republican government and Sun Yat-Sen flees to Japan • Other warlords fight the Nationalist Party for power • 1928 – Sun Yat-sen’s successor, Chiang Kai-shek, eventually leads the Nationalists to power

6. Chinese Civil War (Roots) Sun Yat-sen

7. Chinese Civil War • Under Chiang Kai-shek – the gov’t does not improve the living conditions of the peasants. • Communists – supported by peasants • Nationalists were seen as corrupt and favoring the elite and business classes • The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, splits with the Nationalist government • Mao forms the Red Army to fight against the Nationalist government

8. Chinese Civil War Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-Shek

9. Chinese Civil War • The Nationalists win many victories against the Communist Red Army. • Chiang and his Nationalist army surround the Red Army. • The Long March – Red Army under Mao breaks free and retreats. Started with 100,000 men and ends with only 8,000 left. • 1939 - Communist and Nationalist join forces to fight against Japanese invasion. • This saves the Communist movement

10. The Long March

11. Chinese Civil War • After WWII – Civil War continues • 1949 – Mao’s Communist forces defeat Chiang’s Nationalist forces • Communist forces used weapons given to them by the Nationalists to fight the Japanese • Increased support from the Soviet Union • Western democracies abandon support for Chiang • Chiang/Nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan off the coast of China. • Mao/Communists in charge of mainland China • Separation of China still exists today. Continuing source of conflict.

12. Retreat of Nationalist Forces

13. China – Great Leap Forward • Chinese communists want to build a better, more industrialized economy • People worked in “communes” (or large gov’t controlled cooperatives) • made steel in their backyards. • Ultimately a disaster – 20 million people starved as production on farms slashed

14. China – Great Leap Forward

15. China – the Cultural Revolution • Ideological division in China’s Communist Party • Pragmatists – wanted practical reforms • Cultural Revolution – Mao’s attempt to take power away from pragmatists • Red Guards – students who supported Mao. Attacked teachers, people in authority • Red Guard uses extreme force to conduct the Cultural Revolution • 1968 – Mao uses Red Army to put a stop to the Cultural Revolution

16. China – the Cultural Revolution

17. China – the Four Modernizations • 1976 – Mao dies. Deng Xiaoping gained power • Four Modernizations • Improvements in agriculture, industry, science, defense • End commune system – some private property • Attract foreign investment • Create more efficient factories operating on principles of supply and demand

18. China Deng Xiaoping

19. China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) • As a result of Deng’s policy, China had free enterprise – but no political freedoms • Students protested for more open political system in Tiananmen Square • Protest brutally put down by government • 1,000’s killed, many other imprisoned

20. China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)

21. Mexican Revolution

22. Mexican Revolution - Background • Rigid social order remains • Creoles • Mestizos • Native Americans • Africans • United States has great influence over Mexican economy (railroads, oil production, banking) • Mexican Presidency was traditionally a “job for life” position • President Porfirio Diaz looking to grow Mexican industry with foreign capital

23. Porforio Diaz

24. Mexican Revolution - Background • The Effects of the “Porfiriato” (or Policy of Porforio) • Foreign/Mexican owners discriminated against Mexican workers and Mexican middle class • Did nothing to improve the lives of the poorest Mestizos • Neglected education • Confiscated ejidos (or common lands)

25. Ejidos

26. Mexican Revolution • By 1910 – large portions of Mexican society fed up with Diaz • Political and social turmoil resulted • Diaz said he was ready to retire and would allow other presidential candidates to run against him • Diaz reneges on his promise, jails his opponent (Francisco Madero), and the election results in widespread voter fraud. Widespread revolts occur. • 1911 – Diaz is overthrown and exiled

27. Porforio Diaz

28. Mexican Revolution • Francisco Madero – despite being a wealthy landowner, promises agrarian reform • Doesn’t fulfill his promise • New rivals for influence among peasants/reformers emerge • Emiliano Zapata – organized peasants from southern Mexico • Francisco “Pancho” Villa – organized peasants from Northern Mexico

29. Francisco Madero Emilio Zapata “Pancho” Villa

30. The Mexican Revolution • Huerta and the US • 1913 - Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero • Mexican general • Conspires with US Ambassador to overthrow the Madero gov’t • However, the US Gov’t doesn’t recognize this gov’t and sends forces to occupy the city of Vera Cruz (1914) • Carranza • The US backs Venustian Carranza, a politician more friendly to the US • Zapata and Villa both fight Huerta as well

31. Mexican Revolution Victoriano Huerta Venustian Carranza

32. The Mexican Revolution • Huerta is defeated and Carranza becomes President • Zapata and Villa now fight against Carranza • Villa conducts raids in southwestern US – the US sends troops into Mexico to capture Villa (NEVER DO!) • This background impacts US reaction to the Zimmerman Telegram (remember WWI!)

33. Chasing “Pancho” Villa US General Pershing

34. The Mexican Constitution • Ratified on January 31st, 1917 • Universal suffrage • Restrictions on foreign ownership of Mexican land and industry • Limits work day to 8 hours • Establishes a minimum wage • Requires land reform

35. Mexican Revolution - Aftermath • Zapata is tricked into capture and is executed in 1917 • Villa agrees to a peace deal with Carranza but is later assassinated in 1923 • Who gains? • Mexican middle class, some Mexican workers, Indian culture (e.g. murals of Diego Rivera) • PRI – the Institutionalized Revolutionary Party • Picks Mexican leaders • Little real democracy • Who gains the least? • Poorest Mexican agricultural workers • Poorly paid • Illiterate

36. Diego Rivera

37. Mexican Peasants