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Principles of Instrumental Analysis

Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Chapter 12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry. P.304. FIGURE 12-1 Distribution of continuum radiation from an X-ray tube with a tungsten target. The numbers above the curves indicate the accelerating voltages. .

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Principles of Instrumental Analysis

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  1. Principles of Instrumental Analysis Chapter 12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry

  2. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.304 FIGURE 12-1Distribution of continuum radiation from an X-ray tube with a tungsten target. The numbers above the curves indicate the accelerating voltages.

  3. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.304 FIGURE 12-2Line spectrum for an X-ray with a molybdenum target.

  4. TABLE 12-1Wavelengths in Angstroms of the More Intense Emission Lines for some Typical Elements Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.305

  5. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.305 FIGURE 12-3 Relationship between X-ray emission frequency and atomic number for Kα1 and Lα1 lines.

  6. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.306 FIGURE 12-4 Partial energy level diagram showing common transitions producing X-rays. The most intense lines are indicated by the wider arrow.

  7. TABLE 12-2Common Radioisotopic Sources for X-ray Spectroscopy Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.307

  8. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.308 FIGUER 12-5X-ray absorption spectra for lead and silver.

  9. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.309 FIGURE 12-6Diffraction of X-ray by a crystal.

  10. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.310 FIGURE 12-7 Schematic of an X-ray tube.

  11. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.311 FIGURE 12-8 USE of a filter to produce monochromatic radiation.

  12. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.312 FIGURE 12-9An x-ray monochromator and detector. Note that the angle of the detector with respect to the beam (2θ) is twice that of the crystal face. For absorption analysis, the source is an X-ray tube and the sample is located in the beam as shown. For emission measurements, the sample becomes a source of X- ray fluorescence as shown in the insert.

  13. TABLE 12-3Properties of Typical diffracting Crystals Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.313

  14. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.314 FIGURE 12-10 Cross section of a gas-filled detector.

  15. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.314 FIGURE 12-11 Gas amplification for various types of gas-filled detectors.

  16. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.316 FIGURE 12-12Vertical cross section of a lithium-drifted silicon detector for X-rays and radiation from radioactive sources.

  17. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.319 FIGURE 12-13Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Excitation by X-rays from (a) an X-ray tube and (b) a radioactive substance (curium-244, a 5.81 MeV alpha particle and X-ray source) as shown in the sensor head for the Mars alpha proton X-ray spectrometer. The X-ray detector is a new room-temperature type.

  18. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.320 FIGURE 12-14X-ray spectrum obtained on Mars together with the deconvolution model components. The main elemental characteristic peaks (Kα lines) are labeled and Kβ lines are unlabeled.

  19. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.321 FIGURE 12-15(a) MiniPal 4 benchtop X-ray fluorescence spectrometer showing removable turntable for up to twelve samples.

  20. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.321 FIGURE 12-15(b)Diagram showing the X-ray source, filter wheel, detector, and sample turntable from the bottom.

  21. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.321 FIGURE 12-15(c)X-ray fluorescence spectrum of a rice sample. The shaded areas under the curves are proportional to the amount of each element in the sample.

  22. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.321 FIGURE 12-15(d)Calibration curve obtained from nine rice samples. Integrated areas from spectra similar to the one in (c) are plotted against the certified concentrations of iron in the samples.

  23. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.322 FIGURE 12-16Spectrum of an iron sample obtained with an energy- dispersive instrument with a Rh anode X-ray tube source. The numbers above the peaks are energies in keV.

  24. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.327 FIGURE 12-17Schematic of (a) a Debye-Scherrer powder camera; (b) the film strip after development. D2, D1, and T indicate positions of the film in the carmera.

  25. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.330 FIGURE 12-18APXS calibration curve for Fe corrected for attenuation coefficient.

  26. Ch12 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry P.333 FIGURE IA2-1Cold-vapor atomic fluorescence system for ultratrace determinations of mercury.

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