Chapter 21

1. Chapter 21 The Youth Movement, Feminism, and Latins Americans Organize

2. The Youth Movement – 1960s • During the 1960s, many of the country’s young people raised their voices in protest against numerous aspects of American society. • On college campuses across the nation, youth protest movements began and reached their peak. • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) defined its views in a 1962 declaration known as the Port Huron Statement, writtenlargely by Tom Hayden. • Another movement that captured the nation’s attention in the 1960s was the Free Speech Movement, led by Mario Savio and others at the University of California at Berkeley. • The Supreme Court upheld the students’ rights to freedom of speech and assembly on campuses.

3. The Counterculture • Counterculture youths tried to create an alternative to mainstream culture. • Young Americans who rejected the system entirely and tried to create a new lifestyle created what became known as the countercultureand were commonly called “hippies.” • Many hippies wanted to live together in communes. • A famous hippie destination was San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury district.

4. The Counterculture • Although the counterculture declined without achieving its utopian ideals, it did change some aspects of American culture, such as fashion and music. • WOODSTOCK

5. Feminist Movement • Women in the 1960s and 1970s began creating organizations to change society through education and legislative action. • Feminism had been a weak and often embattled force since the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women’s voting rights in 1920. • By the early 1960s, many women were increasingly resentful of a world where newspaper ads separated jobs by gender, banks denied them credit, and they were often paid less for the same work. • One stimulus that invigorated the women’s movement was the President’s Commission on the Status of Women. • In 1963 this commission won passage of the Equal Pay Act.

7. Success and Failures • The women’s movement made gains for women in education and employment but has not achieved complete equality for women. • The women’s movement seemed to be off to a strong start when Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment(ERA) in March 1972. • In 1972 Congress passed a law known collectively as the Educational Amendments. • Title IXprohibits federally funded schools from discriminating against women in nearly all aspects of their operations. • The big change came with the 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade.

8. Latin Americans Migrate • Mexicans, the largest Spanish-speaking immigrant group, faced discrimination and segregation in the West and Southwest. • Across the Southwest, most Mexican Americans lived in barrios. • Barrios were the product of a combination of the region’s history and discrimination against Latinos. • During the Great Depression, approximately one-third of the Mexican population in the United States returned to Mexico. • Some left voluntarily, but others were deported, known as repatriation.

9. Latin Americans Migrate • More than 3.7 million Mexicans were deported over the next three years. • The United States also became home to more than 350,000 Cuban immigrants in the decade after the Cuban Revolution of 1959.

11. Latin Americans Organize • Latino civil rights organizations, such as LULAC and the American GI Forum, fought against discrimination. • In 1929 a number of Mexican American organizations came together to create the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). • LULAC made many advances, such as ending segregation in public places in Texas as well as ending the practice of segregating Spanish-speaking children in “Mexican schools.” • Another Latino Organization, the American GI Forum, was founded to protect the rights of Mexican American veterans.

12. Chapter 21 – Politics and Economics 1968-1980

13. Richard Nixon • Nixon won the 1968 election by appealing to a “silent majority” of Americans. • One of the keys to Nixon’s victory was his surprisingly strong showing in the South. • Following his victory, Nixon set out to attract even more Southerners to the Republican Party, an effort that became known as the Southern strategy(attracting more Southerns to the Republican party) • Nixon had promised to uphold law and order in his campaign.

14. Richard Nixon • He targeted the nation’s antiwar protesters. • He attacked the Supreme Court rulings that expanded the rights of accused criminals. • He replaced Chief Justice Warren with Warren Burger, a respected conservative judge. • Nixon promised to reduce the size of the federal government by dismantling several federal programs and giving more control to state and local governments, which he called as New Federalism. • Under this program, Congress passed a series of revenue-sharingbills that granted federal funds to state and local agencies to use. • He sought to close down many of the programs of Johnson’s Great Society.

15. Nixon’s Foreign Policy • With the support of national security adviser Henry Kissinger, Nixon forged better relationships with China and the Soviet Union. • Both Nixon and Kissinger believed that a gradual withdrawal from Vietnam, while simultaneously training South Vietnamese to defend themselves, would work best. • This policy of Vietnamizationextended globally in what came to be called the Nixon Doctrine. • They developed a new approach called détentebetween the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China.

16. Nixon - Watergate • Tactics used by Nixon’s supporters to try to ensure his reelection in 1972 led to the Watergate scandal. • The Watergate scandal began when the Nixon administration tried to cover up its involvement in the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters, along with other illegal actions. • As part of their efforts to help the president win reelection, Nixon’s advisers ordered five men to break into the headquarters, steal any sensitive campaign information, and place wiretaps on the phones • Reports also surfaced that the burglars had been paid to execute the break-in from a secret CRP fund controlled by the White House.

17. Nixon - Watergate • Meanwhile, few people paid much attention to the scandal during the 1972 campaign, and Nixon won by a landslide. • The president’s refusal to cooperate with Congress only focused attention on his possible involvement. • A parade of White House and campaign officials exposed one illegality after another. • A White House aid revealed that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to record all conversations. • Nixon refused to hand over the tapes, pleading executive privilege. • Special prosecutorArchibald Cox took Nixon to court to force him to give up the recordings.

18. Nixon - Watergate • The vice president, Spiro Agnew, was forced to resign after investigators learned that he had taken bribes as governor and vice president. • In July, the Supreme Court ruled that the president had to turn over the tapes, and Nixon complied. • Several days later, the House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach Nixon. • On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned his office in disgrace. • Gerald Ford took the oath of office.

20. Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter • When Gerald Ford failed to solve the nation’s problems, Americans turned to political outsider Jimmy Carter to lead the nation. • By 1975, the American economy was in the worst recession since the Great Depression, with unemployment at nearly 9%. • None of President Ford’s plans revived the economy. • In the election of 1976, Jimmy Carter narrowly defeated Ford. • In the end, none of Carter’s efforts to fix the economy succeeded either. • He felt the nation’s most serious problem was its dependence on foreign oil. • He proposed a national energy program to conserve oil and to promote the use of coal and renewable energy sources such as solar power. • He also convinced Congress to create the Department of Energy.

21. Carter’s Foreign Policy • Carter attempted to reestablish the United States as a moral force for good on the international stage but had few successes. • In 1978, the Senate ratified two Panama Canal treaties, which transferred control of the canal to Panama on December 31, 1999. • He also singled out the Soviet Union as a violator of human rights. • In1978, Carter helped broker a historic peace treaty, known as the Camp David Accords, between Israel and Egypt.

22. Carter’s Foreign Policy Iranian Hostage Crisis • Revolutionaries took 52 Americans hostage from the American embassy in Iran. • The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages’ release. • On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending 444 days in captivity.

23. CH. 22 Conservatism vs Liberalism • Liberals • Government should regulate the economy to protect people from large corporations and wealthy elite • The federal government should play a role in helping the disadvantaged (social programs and raising taxes of the wealthy) • Intervention in the economy • Free speech and privacy • Against the government supporting religious beliefs • Support diversity because it will be more creative and entergetic • Higher taxes on the wealthy

24. Conservatism and Liberalism • Conservatism • Distrust the power of the government • Gov. power should be divided into different branches and split b/w state and federal • Free enterprise best economic system • Oppose higher taxes and government programs that transfer money from rich to the poor • Oppose restricting peoples economic freedom • Believe religious faith is vital • Most social problems result from lack of character and morality. • Support use of gov. police powers to regulate social behavior • They believe it takes away the people’s drive to work hard for their money

25. The Reagan Years • Conservatism Revives: • Support for conservative ideas began to revive for two major reasons: • The struggle against communism revived the debate about the role of the government in the economy. • To Americans with a deep religious faith, the struggle against communism was a struggle between good and evil.

26. The Reagan Years • Some Americans were drawn to conservatism because they feared that American society had lost touch with its traditional values. • They were critical of: • the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade • Supreme Court decisions that limited prayer in public schools and expanded protections for people accused of crimes • the feminist movement • the push for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

27. The Reagan Years • President Reagan’s experiences in Hollywood and as governor of California led to his success in campaigning for presidency. • Reagan was governor of California for 2 years • Ten years later he won the Republican presidential nomination. • Reagan’s campaign appealed to Americans who were frustrated with the economy and worried that the United States had become weak internationally. • He easily defeated President Carter in the election of 1980.

28. The Reagan Years • Believing that government was part of the problem, President Reagan cut social service programs, sponsored tax cuts, and deregulated industry. • Reagan’s first priority was the economy, which was suffering from stagflation, a combination of high unemployment and high inflation. • Reagan combined monetarism and supply-side economics—critics called his approach Reaganomics, or “trickle-down economics.” • He encouraged the Federal Reserve to keep interest rates high and asked Congress to pass a massive tax cut.

29. The Reagan Years • To keep the deficit under control, Reagan proposed cuts to social programs such as food stamps, student loans, and Medicare. • His first act as president was to sign an executive order to end price controls on oil and gasoline, which caused prices to fall. • Other deregulation soon followed. • In 1983 the economy began to recover. • By 1984, the United States had begun the biggest economic expansion in its history up to that time.

30. Reagan and the Soviets • Reagan believed that the United States should support guerrilla groups who were fighting to overthrow Communist or pro-Soviet governments. This became known as the Reagan Doctrine. • In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachevbecame leader of the Soviet Union and agreed to resume arms talks. • In December 1987 the two leaders signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. • No one realized it at the time, but the treaty marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War.

31. George Bush Sr.-1988 • As president, Bush continued Reagan’s policy of cooperation with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. • To save the Soviet economy, Gorbachev instituted perestroika, or “restructuring,” and allowed some private enterprise and profit-making. • The other principle of Gorbachev’s plan was glasnost, or “openness.” • At midnight on November 9, 1989, guards at the Berlin Wall opened its gates. • Within a year, East and West Germany had reunited to form one nation—the Federal Republic of Germany.

32. Bush – “A New World Order • Bush used his foreign policy experience to deal with crises in China, Panama, and the Persian Gulf. • Panama • By 1989, Panama’s dictator, General Manuel Noriega, had stopped cooperating with the U.S. • In December 1989, Bush ordered American troops to invade Panama. Noriega was arrested and put on trial in the U.S. on international drug charges

33. Bush – Middle East • In August 1990, Iraq’s dictator, Saddam Hussein, sent his army to invade oil-rich Kuwait. • Fearing that Hussein would capture Saudi Arabia and its vast oil reserves, American troops rushed to the Middle East. • On January 16, 1991, the coalition forces launched Operation Desert Storm. • 100 hours later, Kuwait declared liberated • Iraq accepted the coalition’s cease-fire terms, and American troops returned home to cheering crowds.

34. The Clinton Years • The technological revolution • Microsoft • Micro-processor • Internet, cell phones President Clinton took office in 1993 with plans for improving health care, cutting the federal deficit, aiding families, and increasing gun control

36. The Clinton Years • focused on five major areas: the economy, the family, education, crime, and health care. • He proposed raising tax rates for middle and upper-income Americans and placed new taxes on gasoline, heating oil, and natural gas. • His first success was the Family Medical Leave Act. • He also persuaded Congress to create the AmeriCorpsprogram. • Clinton tried to focus the domestic agenda on the needs of children, but personal problems marred his second term.

37. The Clinton Years • In 1997 for the first time in 24 years, the president was able to submit a balanced budget to Congress. • In 1998 a scandal emerged involving a personal relationship between the president and a White House intern.

38. George W. Bush • In one of the closest presidential races in history, involving vote recounts and the Supreme Court, George W. Bush became president. • George W. Bush supported the enactment of a tax cut, the No Child Left Behind program, and a strategic defense system. • The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon shocked and alarmed Americans; almost immediately, combating terrorism became the nation’s top priority.

40. September 11, 2001 • The attacks of 9/11 killed all 266 passengers and crewmembers on the four hijacked planes. • Another 125 people died in the Pentagon. • In New York City, nearly 3,000 people died. • Intelligence sources and the FBI quickly identified the attacks as the work of Osama bin Laden and his organization, al-Qaeda. • The attacks were acts of terrorism.

42. War in the Middle East • The reasons that Middle Eastern terrorists have targeted Americans are as follows: • For supporting the wealthy Middle Eastern kingdoms and families through the oil industry • For spreading Western ideas and threatening traditional values • For supporting Israel

43. War in the Middle East • Osama bin Laden founded al-Qaeda in 1988. • In 1998 he called on Muslims to kill Americans. • On September 24, President Bush issued an executive order freezing the financial assets of several individuals and groups suspected of terrorism. • President Bush created a new federal agency—the Office of Homeland Security. • In October 2001, Bush signed the USA Patriot Act—an antiterrorist bill.

44. War in the Middle East • On October 7, 2001, the U.S. began bombing al-Qaeda’s camps and the Taliban’s military forces in Afghanistan. • Bush claimed that the war on terrorism would continue until victory was achieved. • After forcing Taliban leaders in Afghanistan to flee, the United States and its allies sent more troops as peacekeepers and worked to create a stable and democratic government.

45. War in the Middle East • Less than a month after the September 11 attacks, the United States launched a war in Afghanistan with the goal of bringing down the Taliban regime that had sheltered Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda. • In December 2001, the Taliban government collapsed, and surviving Taliban fled to the mountains of Afghanistan. • Despite many successes, Afghanistan continues to suffer from violence. • Osama Bin Laden was captured and killed May 2, 2011

46. Invasion of Iraq • If Saddam Hussein wanted peace he would have to do the following: • Give up Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction • Readmit the UN weapons inspectors • Stop supporting terrorism • Stop oppressing his people • By March 2003, the weapons inspectors still found nothing, and the U.S. began pressuring the UN to authorize the use of force against Iraq.

47. Invasion of Iraq • On March 20, 2003, the U.S.-led coalition forces attacked Iraq. • Saddam Hussein was captured in late 2003 and executed in 2006. • The quick victory did not end the fighting.

48. Bush’s 2nd Term • Bush appointed two new Supreme Court justices; his second term was marred by a hurricane, the ongoing war, and scandals.