Ending World War I

1. Ending World War I

2. 1918 – US joins the Allies • Why? • Russian Civil War • Germany resumed Unrestricted Sub. War. • Zimmermann Telegram • Impact • Psychological boost to Allies • Fresh troops • War goods VIDEO

3. Erich von Ludendorff • Led German military operations • Plans a big push to break stalemate on Western Front • Stopped at 2nd Battle of the Marne • Advised Germany to surrender (Sept)

4. GERMAN SURRENDER • Allies won’t accept surrender from autocratic imperialist Germany – Wilhelm II must step down • German sailors begin to mutiny, citizens protest to end war • Nov 9 – Wilhelm II leaves Germany • Nov 11 – new German Dem Rep under Freidrich Engel signed Armistice

5. Paris Peace Conference -Treaty of Versailles`

6. Versailles Overview • 32 victorious countries met at the Palace of Versailles (just outside Paris, France) • Main decisions were made by the so-called “Big Three” (Britain, France, USA) • Germany was not invited to the peace talks

7. NEGOTIATIONS • Big Four • Pres. Wilson—U.S. • David Lloyd George—GB • Clemenceau—France • Orlando—Italy • Others • Japan • 28 lesser nations

8. The Big Three • United States….Woodrow Wilson • Great Britain….David Lloyd George • France….George Clemenceau

9. IDEALISM v. SECURITY

10. U.S Post War World • Wanted settlement to ensure lasting peace • Defeated countries should be treated fairly • Wilson’s “fourteen points” included free trade & disarmament • League of Nations be set up to settle future disputes by promoting cooperation between countries Woodrow Wilson

11. British Post War World • British had lost many citizens in the war • British citizens wanted Germany to pay for what they had done • PM felt a harsh treaty might cause bitterness that would cause Germany to seek revenge in the future David Lloyd George

12. French Post War World • Wanted to avoid another war • Thought Germany should pay for starting the war & the damage caused in the war • He wanted to ensure that Germany was too weak to ever attack France again Georges Clemenceau

13. Treaty of Versailles • Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause". • Germany had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France & Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war. (Clause 232) • A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.

14. Disarmament & Demilitarization

15. Punishing Germany • Germany restricted from having an air force, the army was not allowed tanks • German army reduced to 100,000 men • All German colonies taken away • Germany only allowed 6 naval ships and no submarines video

16. Territorial Changes • FR got Alsace & Lorraine from Ger • Many new nation from A-H Empire • Rhineland demilitarized

17. MANDATES • France • Syria & Lebanon • Great Britain • Palestine & Iraq

18. Versailles Treaty = League of Nations • 60 Nations • Settle disputes • Mission - prevent future war • Never has “teeth” because US doesn’t join

19. Involved sixty sovereign states • Overthrew four Empires (German Empire, Hapsburg Empire, Turkish Empire, Russian Empire) • Gave birth to seven new nations • Took ten million combatant lives • Another 30 million were wounded • 1out of every 12 soldiers is wounded, missing in action, or killed • Cost $350 Billion Results of WWI

20. What are you views on Germany’s treatment at Versailles?